4 Bit Serial Multiplier Verilog Code For Digital Clock

I am having trouble creating a verilog code for a 4-bit multipler using a lookup table. I am still trying to grasp the concept of a lookup table. If anyone could help me it would be greatly appreciated.I am just lost.

I have written a verilog code for a multiplier which gives correct results after simulation. But, the code generated after synthesis of the above mentioned code does not give correct results. In fact, it gives no results. The log file created after synthesis says that there could be possible timing errors with my design, although I have tried to synchronize everything at the positive edge of the clock. Besides, it also generates a warning which says:

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A clock frequency can be divided using flip-flops. However, clock multiplication cannot be performed by purely digital circuits. As mentioned by Morten, a PLL unit (which is a hybrid circuit, thus not directly implemented with VHDL) is used for that. PLLs are built-in units in FPGAs, so all that you have to do is to instantiate them.

I am trying to run a SpectreVerilog cosimulation with a simple analog and digital clock generator block. I am trying to pass some parameter values ("delay" for the clock generator ) to the verilog block. While it shows my parameters as CDF parameters on the symbol but it does not pass to the verilog code and uses the default value. Is there some easy way to pass the cdf parameter to this verilog block ???

Over the years, the phase-locked loops (PLLs) and delay-locked loops (DLLs) are widely employed in the data communication systems including, but not limited to, the implementation of the frequency multiplication and clock synchronization circuits [1, 2]. However, due to the rapid advances in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technology and the progress in improving the overall system performance, all-digital implementations of such PLLs/DLLs have become more attractive. The all-digital implementations offer the possibility to achieve a low-voltage operation, low-power consumption, and less sensitivity to the noise [3].

This section describes the schematic of the overall architecture for the proposed all-digital dual-loop D/FLL circuit. As shown in Table 1, the D/FLL circuit is composed of proposed frequency-locked (FLL) and delay-locked (DLL) loops that share a common reference clock signal (). In the FLL feedback path, the frequency locking starts from the middle frequency band of the DCO. The output clock signal of the DCO () is then scaled down by an integer divider and connected to the frequency detector. The integer divider allows the divided output clock (/MF) to be relatively convergent with the frequency of . It provides also the ability to select an integer multiplication factor (MF) of the signal frequency (e.g., ).

The advantages of the proposed all-digital dual-loop D/FLL architecture are listed and compared to the existing state-of-the-art architectures, as shown in Table 1. The proposed architecture simultaneously generates a high frequency signal from a low frequency reference signal and synchronizes the two signals without the jitter accumulation issue of PLL-based implementation. Moreover, the proposed architecture is portable and can be easily implemented as an integrated circuit. The simultaneous dual properties enhance the stability of the system and can be used in supplying a clock reference for distributed digital processing systems as well as intra/interchip communication in system-on-chip (SoC) [11].

The proposed synchronized frequency multiplier is completely realized as a fully digital architecture. It is designed using Verilog-HDL and synthesized using Altera Quartus II Web Edition v11.0 software for Altera DE2-70 development board, with a Cyclone II EP2C35F672C6 FPGA on board. The fact that it is implemented on an FPGA is a confirmation of its all-digital status; hence, it can be implemented on various platforms, such as FPGAs and ICs. The experimental setup consists of the DE2-70 board, the Agilent 16821A logic analyzer, the Tektronix TDS-5104 digital phosphor oscilloscope with TDSJIT3 software, the Tektronix DPO4104B digital phosphor oscilloscope, and the Advantest R3132 spectrum analyzer.

Table 2 presents a performance comparison for the proposed circuit with the previous designs of all-digital frequency multiplier circuits. These circuits were implemented and synthesized for the same technology (Altera DE2-70 development) for a fair comparison. As an overall trend, the proposed architecture has a competitive performance and achieves the highest maximum output frequency compared to the other architectures. Moreover, the proposed architecture outweighs the existing architectures in providing the highest frequency resolution (smallest frequency steps), better frequency stability, and the highest multiplication factor. However, since the proposed architecture is dual-loop architecture, the occupied number of logic elements is a relatively large compared to the existing architectures.

Of course, my favorite use for aPLLis to lock onto the baud rateand carrier phaseof a digital communicationswaveform.The baudclock recovery portion of this circuit in the receiver is used to determinethe sampling point (the middle) of any received bits.

FPGA design is custom silicon design with less effortthan full-custom VLSI design. Besides processor cores, FPGAs today not only have logic gatesand flip-flops, they also have large Block RAMs, embedded hardwaremultipliers, arithmetic acceleration logic, digital clock managers(DCMs) for frequency synthesis, multistandard system I/O cells withprogrammable line termination and multi-gigabit transceivers (MGTs).These system-oriented resources,along with the kinds of device packages and user I/O counts, are enumeratedin Figure 1, which shows the most advanced of the FPGA devices, the XilinxVirtex-II Pro family.

Listing 1 is the Verilog source code for a 16-bit pipelinedmultiplier.This code is done in a behavioral style,and we're going to allow Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST) to figurehow to implement what we mean by thecode. Today, synthesis is very powerful, and we simply can inferthe multiplier hardware, without having to specify its logic designin detail.

This tutorial is about implementing a 4 stage pipelined 1616 bits multiplier, instead of using one of the FPGA multipliers. It takes 4 clock cycles to yield a product from the very instant the multiplier inputs are latched by the D-flip flop.

The code above was simulated with a test bench and it shows indeed that each multiplication takes 4 clock cycles from the very instant an input is latched (at rising edge.) You can verify these by looking a the timings below.

Implementing FizzBuzz in digital logic (as opposed to code) is rather pointless, but I figured it would be a good way to learn FPGAs.1For this project, I used the Mojo V3 FPGA development board (shown above), which was designed to be an easy-to-use starter board.It uses an FPGA chip from Xilinx's Spartan 6 family. Although the Mojo's FPGA is one of the smallest Spartan 6 chips, it still contains over 9000 logic cells and 11,000 flip flops, so it can do a lot.

While this may look like code in a normal programming language, it operates entirely differently.In a normal language, operations usually take place sequentially as the program is executed line by line.For instance, the processor would check the value of counter. It would then add 1 to counter.But in Verilog, there's no processor and no program being executed. Instead, the code generates hardware to perform the operations.For example, an adder circuit is created to increment counter, and a separate adder to increment state, and additional logic for the comparison with 5207.Unlike the sequential processor, the FPGA does everything in parallel.For instance, the FPGA does the 5207 comparison, the increment or reset of counter and the increment of state all in parallel on each clock pulse.Because of this parallelism, FPGAs can be much faster than processors for highly parallel tasks.

The next step is figuring out what to send over the serial line.How do we convert the numbers from 1 to 100 into ASCII characters?This is trivial when programming a microprocessor, but hard with digital logic. The problem is that converting a binary number to decimal digits requires division by 10 and 100, and division is very inconvenient to implement with gates.My solution was to use a binary-coded decimal (BCD) counter, storing each of the three digits separately.This made the counter slightly more complicated, since each digit needs to wrap at 9, but it made printing the digits easy.

As before, keep in mind that while this looks like normal program code, it turns into a bunch of logic gates, generating the new values for digit2, digit1 and digit0 on each clock cycle.The system isn't executing instructions in sequence, so performance isn't limited by the number of instructions but just by the delay for signals to propagate through the gates.

You might wonder how a Verilog description of a circuit gets turned into digital logic, and how the FPGA implements thislogic.The ISE synthesis tool turns the Verilog design into circuitry suitable for implementation inside the FPGA. It first synthesizes the Verilog code into a "netlist", specifying the logic and connections.Next it translates the netlists into FPGA primitives, which are mapped onto the capabilities of the particular chip(the Spartan 6 in my case). Finally, the place and route process optimizes the layout of the chip, minimizing the distance signals need to travel.

For eight-sample vector input, the design achieves a clock frequency of 360 MHz. The latency is 18 cycles. When the input size is the same as the FFT length, the subfilters do not share any multipliers. The design uses these resources. be457b7860