Raised line graphics are a common technique used to make graphics or drawings accessible for BPSI. Schiafone et al. found that most raised-line graphics in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) textbooks follow visual cues of their source images, such as perspective foreshortening, to convey depth, or textures to convey shadows, even though those lines are presented haptically, although some studies claim that raised line perspective views are useful with training (Heller et.al, 2005). Han (2020) reported how visually impaired (VI) participants found these raised line graphic representations of objects difficult or impossible to comprehend, engendering recognition errors, more so when they lacked visual experience (even with training). In contrast it was found that 3D models are much easier to comprehend.

Research and development focused on digital multi-sensory feedback tools for BPSD is ongoing but only a few commercial solutions are available. An effective digital drawing tool for blind users would increase collaboration between BPSI and sighted users and offer a means for BPSD to convey their perspectives, thus informing the design of educational materials for blind and partially sighted learners.

Despite research and development efforts focused on drawing tools for blind and partially sighted learners, access and representation in education and industry is still limited. The National Federation of Blind estimates that in 2015, 42 percent of Blind and Partially Sighted Individuals are in the workforce, however less than 15 percent have earned a bachelor’s degree and more than a quarter did not finish high school (Blindness Statistics | National Federation of the Blind, 2019). Although multi-sensory feedback components such as audio and haptic elements have been explored to a certain extent, research conducted in this area is still limited.