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Jews and their high days
Jews and their high days
Jews in modern Russia continue to be one of the largest ethnic groups, although they are poorly represented within their national-territorial unit. Russian Jews have a long and complex history closely intertwined with the Jewish diasporas of other countries.
One of their high days named “Four New Years”. The peculiarity of the Jewish calendar is that it has four whole New Years, and none of them falls on January 1st. The explanation for this oddity can also be found in tradition. The fact is that in the times preceding the dispersal of the Jewish people, there were several annual cycles important for the whole people, the countdown of which began from certain dates. The rules that set these cycles eventually acquired the status of commandments. There were 4 such cycles and, therefore, four New Years.
The countdown of months begins on the 1st Nisan. 1st month - Nisan, 2nd - Iyar, etc. In addition, this date is the New Year for counting the reign of kings: if, for example, a certain king began to reign, say, in Adar, then from 1 Nisan the second year of his reign begins. Therefore, from the 1st Nisan there is a new year for counting months and everything related to Jewish kings.
On the other hand, during the time of the Temple, at least one of the three holidays of the year (Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot), the Jew made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The countdown of this year, the year during which the pilgrimage must be made, also begins with the 1st Nisan.
At the same time of the Temple, every Jew had to separate a tenth of his livestock in order to eat it in Jerusalem. The countdown of the year during which it was necessary to separate this tithe began on the 1st elul.
Shevat 15 is the New Year for trees, the beginning of the year for counting the harvest of trees and for separating tithes from it.
1 Tishrei is the New Year for counting years (that is, it is the 1st Tishrei that counts how many years have passed since the creation of the world) and for the Creator's judgment over all people and countries.
Thus, it turns out that the first month in a row is the month of Nisan, which should always fall in spring, and one year replaces another in the month of Tishrei, the seventh in a row.
In addition to significant dates, celebrated only once a year, in the Jewish tradition, dates corresponding to shorter time intervals - a month and a week - also have the status of a holiday. In other words, in the Jewish tradition, each new month (Rosh Chodesh) and the end of each week (Saturday, Shabbat) are also holidays.
Кузьмина Алиса, 11А класс
Ukrainians
Ukrainians
Ukrainians in Russia occupy the 3rd place in terms of their permanent population. Their number is 1.35% of the population according to the 2010. In general, taking into account the Ukrainian citizens of the Russian Federation and immigrants from Ukraine, in fact, more than 5 million Ukrainians lived in Russia in 2009. In 2016, this figure dropped to 4 million - about 2 million Ukrainians permanently residing in Russia and about 2 million Ukrainian immigrants. Ukrainians inhabit the central-eastern regions of Europe, geographically adjacent to the Black Sea and Azov Sea, neighboring here with a group of other peoples. The ethnic territory of Ukrainians is adjacent to the ethnic territory of Russians in its southwestern part. They can usually speak both Russian and Ukrainian. Ukrainian language belongs to the East Slavic group of the Indo-European family, the closest to the Belarusian.
It is quite natural that certain stereotypes appear about different countries and peoples. Some take them seriously, while others do not attach importance to them. There are many stupid stereotypes about Ukrainians. For example: all Ukrainians love lard. Many people believe that they eat lard for breakfast, lunch and dinner. This stereotype appeared because Ukrainians mainly lived in villages, and practically every family kept not only cows, but also several pigs. Another stereotype suggests that the Ukrainian and Russian languages are similar. From the outside, these two languages spoken by Ukrainians may seem similar. However, if you look more closely, you will see that the difference is big. In addition, even Ukrainians, who speak mainly Russian, do not always understand those who speak Ukrainian. In addition, foreigners believe that Ukrainians like to drink a lot of alcohol, like Russians. Some people love, but this is not the norm.
«Khokhol» is an offensive nickname for Ukrainians. However, most Ukrainians take this quite easy. If it seems to them that this word used as a joke, they may even laugh. If Ukrainians take this as an insult, they can just ignore it.
Nowadays, some Ukrainians do not differ from Russians, so they rarely encounter racism. Moreover, I think it is good.
Сидорова Яна, 11 А класс
Mari people
Mari people
The Mari are a Finno-Ugric people in Russia, living mainly in the Republic of Mari El and in the north of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
These two regions are home to about 72% of all Mari, numbering 547 thousand people.
There are four groups of Mari: mountainous, northwestern, meadow and eastern - the last two groups, due to their historical and linguistic proximity, are combined into meadow-eastern Mari.
They speak the Mari, Mountain Mari and northwestern Mari languages of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family. The overwhelming majority of the Mari today are bilingual - they also speak Russian. The main clothing of the Mari was a tunic-like shirt, trousers, and a caftan. All clothes were girded with a belt towel, and sometimes with a belt.
Men could wear a brimmed felt hat, cap, and mosquito net. Leather boots served as footwear, and later - felt boots and bast shoes. For work in swampy areas, wooden platforms were attached to the shoes.
For women, belt pendants were widespread - jewelry made of beads, cowrie shells, coins, buckles, etc. There were also three types of women's hats: a cone-shaped cap with an occipital lobe, a magpie, and a sharpan, a head towel with a headdress.
They profess Orthodoxy. Also, the traditional Mari religion has long been widespread, especially among the Eastern Mari. And also the Mari are called "the last pagans of Europe" due to the fact that they have their own religion.
Сижук Вероника, 11А класс
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