Catface Peak in the distance.
Millar Channel proper begins just South of Ahousat village on Flores Island and stretches up to Obstruction Island. This analysis also includes the water along the North coast of Flores Island that is officially considered as part of Shelter Inlet (see maps below for context map). The measured portion is about 31km long, and it ranges from 1.5km wide to a choke point of about 0.25km along Obstruction Island. The deepest point is just to the South of Obstruction Island at nearly 150m deep, with another deep point at 123m deep on the West side of Obstruction Island. The shallowest sill is one of the closest point to the ocean, just to the East of Ahousat village and is a mere 5m deep. There is also a sudden incline through the choke point by Obstruction Island that shrinks to 15m deep between the two deepest points in the channel. This area was formed in the same way as the rest of Clayoquot Sound: tectonic activity brought the Earth's crust upwards, volcanic activity built up islands, and the glaciers that covered the area in the Ice Age carved out the current terrain with slow but constant movement and immense pressure.
Millar Channel is connected to watersheds such as the Flores Island Watershed, the Bedingfield Watershed, and the Sydney-Pretty Girl Watershed, of which details can be viewed here. The Flores Island Watershed consists of 15,000ha, though Millar Channel is likely only directly affected by half of it. This includes water bodies such as Grenville Lake, Steamer Creek, and Riley Creek. The land base of the Bedingfield Watershed is about 10,600ha and a good portion empties into Millar Channel proper, including Atleo River. The Sydney-Pretty Girl Watershed has a base of about 17,000ha, some of which empties into the part of Sydney Inlet that was considered along with Millar Channel in this analysis. Most of the shoreline of Sydney Inlet is protected, as is Obstruction Island of the Bedingfield Watershed, but this is comparatively little area. There are four fish farm sites near this section of Clayoquot Sound, all belonging to Cermaq, which has 10 fish farms in the Ahousat Territory overall. One in particular is right in Millar Channel, near sampling station 81, and another is in Dixon Bay a bit further away from station 75. There are also a few logging sites in this area, though it is not as heavily-impacted as other parts for Clayoquot Sound. One location is dense around the Atleo River, another is at Steamer bay on the North shore of Flores Island, and the last larger location is just off the intersection of Shelter Inlet and Sydney Inlet.
A helicopter logging site at [ask Dr Greengrove].
R/V Clifford A Barnes out on Clayoquot Sound.
Data collection for Millar Channel was taken over the course of three days: station 63 on 13 Sep, stations 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 39, and 33 on 14 Sep, and stations 32 and 31 on 15 Sep. Temperature did not changed drastically during these three days. Pressure was highest on 13 Sep and reached its lowest on 15 Sep. The maximum wind speed on 14 Sep was about 4km/h faster than the maximum on 13 or 15 Sep, though direction was fairly consistent through the sampling period. Tides were also similar on each day. It was mostly cloudy on 13 and 14 Sep with almost no precipitation, which progressed to cloudy on 15 Sep with 15mm precipitation.
Millar Channel was sampled on 13-15 September 2013. The data for the entire sampling period can be found on our Environmental Conditions page. Historical data was taken at Tofino Airport and is available to the public for download on the Government of Canada website. Tidal data was taken at Tofino Harbour and is also available for download at the Government of Canada website. It should be noted that this data was only available for the hours of 0500 to 1700 and not for a continuous day. The calendar weather report for 13-15 September 2013 was found on Weather Underground.
The weather for 13 Sep and 14 Sep was mostly cloudy, which progressed to cloudy on 15 Sep.
Temperature ranged between 14°C and 20°C for all three sampling dates, rising steadily until a peak in the early afternoon before decreasing again.
Pressure had different ranges on each sampling date: 1012mb to 1009mb on 13 Sep, 1009mb to 1005mb on 14 Sep, and 1003mb to 1006mb on 15 Sep. It appeared to be consistently decreasing for the first two days, and was perhaps beginning to rise again on the last. All three days peaked near midday.
Wind speed was largely between 4km/h and 15km/h, with the occasional halting to 0km/h and a peak of 19km/h at 1600 on 14 Sep.
Wind direction tended to range between coming from the South, to the East, to the North, excluding only Westerly winds.
The tidal fluctuation of Millar Channel are mixed semidiurnal, meaning there are two high tides and two low tides each day that vary in height. There were no large inconsistencies during the sampling dates of 13 Sep 2013 through 15 Sep 2013.
The stations considered as part of Millar Channel were, in order from left to right, 63, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 39, 33, 32, and 31. ArcMap was used to symbolize the stations, populated areas, and environmental features such as terrain, ocean depth, and stream locations.
The location of Millar Channel in respect to all of Clayoquot Sound
Close-up of Millar Channel, highlighting only the sampling stations considered part of the channel's analysis.
The following images were also made in ArcMap and are called choropleth maps. "Choropleth" comes from the Greek words χώρα (khṓra, “location”) and πλῆθος (plêthos, “a great number”) and such maps are meant to show quantitative data in a given area. These maps in particular illustrate the concentration of essential nutrients for photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton. If there were lower concentrations at a specific station or depth, it could have been that there was more productivity in the form of algae. Samples were taken at three different depths: the surface, the chlorophyll-max (where there was the most chlorophyll-a detected), and the bottom. Notice that with each nutrient, there were consistently lower concentrations near the surface, where sunlight is easily able to penetrate and more photosynthetic organisms can flourish. A more in-depth explanation of sampling methods can be found on our Methods page.
Concentration of nitrates (NO₃) at the surface, chlorophyll-max, and bottom of the water column in Millar Channel.
Concentration of phosphates (PO₄) at the surface, chlorophyll-max, and bottom of the water column in Millar Channel.
Concentration of silicates (Si(OH)₄) at the surface, chlorophyll-max, and bottom of the water column in Millar Channel.
The following images were made in Surfer Pro and are contoured profile plots. "Contour" refers to the consecutive levels that show continuous data increasing or decreasing over a given area, in this case the water column. "Profile" refers to the view these plots give us of a cross-section of Millar Channel. The properties measured included temperature, salinity, and density, which would be affected more by abiotic factors such as wind and current patterns. On the other hand, dissolved oxygen concentration, fluorescence (concentration of chlorophyll-a present), and transmissivity (percentage of light able to penetrate through debris suspended in the water) could be affected by biotic factors such as the presence of phytoplankton or other aquatic life activity. All of these conditions could have an impact on said aquatic life, whether beneficial or detrimental. A more in-depth explanation of sampling methods can be found on our Methods page.
Contoured profile plots of six oceanic conditions down the entire water column in Millar Channel, including
temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, and transmissivity.
Temperature decreased with depth.
Dissolved oxygen decreased with depth.
Salinity increased with depth.
Fluorescence was highest near the surface.
Density increased with depth.
Transmissivity had a pocket of increase.