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Richard E. Mayer, 2009. Multimedia Learning (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-521-51412-5
Key Topics:
Does multimedia work?
When does multimedia work?
For whom does multimedia work?
On what kinds of material does multimedia work?
How does multimedia work?
What makes an effective multimedia presentation?
Does Multimedia Work?
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According to Mayer:
According to Mayer:
“Students performs better on transfer tests when they learn from both with words and pictures rather than when they learn from words alone. ”
“Students performs better on transfer tests when they learn from both with words and pictures rather than when they learn from words alone. ”
This is known as the Multimedia Principle, and it has been supported by clear and consistent empirical evidence across multiple experiments.
This is known as the Multimedia Principle, and it has been supported by clear and consistent empirical evidence across multiple experiments.
Multimedia presentations—when they integrate coordinated verbal and pictorial messages—enhance learning because:
Multimedia presentations—when they integrate coordinated verbal and pictorial messages—enhance learning because:
They encourage the learner to build both verbal and visual mental models
They promote connections between words and images
They engage learners in generative processing, helping them understand and apply knowledge in new situations
When Does Multimedia Work?
Multimedia works when specific principles are followed to reduce cognitive overload and enhance learning. These include:
Coherence
Signaling
Redundancy
Contiguity
Segmenting
Pre-training
Modality
Personalization and Voice
These features ensure that users who consume the media are not overloaded with information, as they have limited cognitive capacity. This also ensures that the user is actively engaged in the media they are consuming.
For Whom Does Multimedia Work?
Multimedia works best for:
Low-knowledge learners: Those unfamiliar with the topic and subject benefits most as they require help in formulating and integrating new information.
Learners in fast-paced or complex lessons: Design principles are more effective when material is harder to process. This aligns with the individual differences principle and the expertise reversal effect, where highly knowledgeable learners may not benefit—or may even be hindered—by the same strategies.
On What Kinds of Materials Does Multimedia Work?
Multimedia is most effective for:
Complex systems
Fast-paced instructional content
Explanatory or procedural material
It is especially useful when learners must understand cause-and-effect systems or processes that unfold over time.
How Does Multimedia Work?
Multimedia works through the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, which is based on three assumptions:
Dual Channels Assumptions
Dual Channels Assumptions
People process information through two separate channels—one for visual and pictorial content (like images and videos), and another for auditory and verbal content (like spoken words or text).
Limited Capacity Assumptions
Limited Capacity Assumptions
Each of these channels has a limited ability to take in and process information at one time. If too much is presented, the learner can become overwhelmed.
Active Processing Assumptions
Active Processing Assumptions
For meaningful learning to happen, learners need to actively:
Select the important information from what they're seeing and hearing
Organize this information into a clear and logical structure
Integrate it with what they already know
This theory supports the idea that learning happens not by passive reception, but by constructive engagement with visuals and words.
What Makes An Effective Multimedia Presentation?
An effective presentation includes:
Multimedia
Integration
Conciseness
Channeled Delivery
Conversational Tone
Concise Narrated Animation (CNA)
Concise Annotated Illustration (CAI)
These designs match the brain’s way of learning and processing multimedia content
These designs match the brain’s way of learning and processing multimedia content
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