Redundancy Principle
Repetition without purpose creates noise, not knowledge
https://youtu.be/27JYigdPhno?si=20OzjkXBn-ZtLsSl
Overlapping on-screen text with identical narration alongside visuals burdens the learner’s cognitive channels, often leading to overload.
Instead of narrating word-for-word what's written, pair narration with visual-only content for optimal retention