The studies address how social vulnerability, environmental risk, poverty, and inequality shape population–environment interactions across different Brazilian contexts, from the Amazon to coastal urban regions. They show that vulnerability is multidimensional, emerging from the intersection of demographic characteristics, spatial patterns, socioeconomic conditions, and exposure to environmental hazards such as climate change, geotechnical risks, and unequal access to resources.
The works highlight conceptual debates on vulnerability, proposing ways to operationalize it through data integration, spatial indicators, and methodological innovation. They demonstrate how regular statistical grids, multicriteria approaches, and composite indicators can reveal patterns of social fragility that are not visible through administrative units alone. In rural Amazonia, analyses of multidimensional poverty and inequality show how demographic dynamics, land-use pressures, and historical marginalization produce uneven environmental and social outcomes.
In urban and coastal areas such as the Baixada Santista, the studies connect climate-related threats with demographic distribution and social disadvantage, illustrating how population characteristics condition the capacity to respond to environmental change. Across all contributions, the need for improved tools to measure social vulnerability and environmental justice is emphasized, showing that demographic and spatial analysis are essential for identifying unequal burdens, guiding policies, and understanding the mechanisms through which population processes and environmental risks co-produce vulnerability.
Together, the works advance an integrated population–environment perspective, demonstrating that vulnerability and environmental justice must be understood through the combined lenses of demography, spatial analysis, and socio-environmental research.