In 1883, in the virtual absence of excavated sites, Dennis published his Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, which first codified the use of Etruscan necropoleis as proxies for the architecture and urbanization of their time (Dennis, 1883). Since, Etruscan necropoleis have been a central topic within the field of Etruscology. These cities of the dead have become pathways to a more complete architectural understanding of Etruscan life, and among many others, specifically the volumes by Riva, Steingraber, and Naso have attempted to extract similarities to houses and cities (Naso, 1996; Riva, 2010; Steingräber, 2006). Interest in tomb architecture and the 3D modeling of tombs has increased in the last decade, notably from individuals and projects, among others, at the Tarquinia Project by the University of Milan and the Swedish Institute at San Giovenale (Marzullo, 2017, Tobin, 2015). However, there remains no comprehensive research on the tombs and necropoleis, and remarkably, the best authority remains Dennis’ 1883 guidebook. Many south Etruscan necropoleis remain entirely undocumented.
The Etruscan Tomb Survey aims to document these never-before-mapped Etruscan architectural tombs groups and necropoleis. This will be accomplished using LiDAR technology to create photo models of these tombs which will later be uploaded and compiled into a mapping database. Doing so will allow for an architectural understanding of these well-preserved tombs and invites further research questions concerning how these necropoleis may have played a larger role in relation to neighboring communities.
Because tombs were constructed out of the underlying bedrock, accordingly, the Etruscan Tomb Survey is composed of two sister projects, the Southern Etruscan Tomb Survey and the Northern Etruscan Tomb Survey. Each survey is confined to the regions demarcated by the underlying bedrock. These two but interacting projects allow us to observe changes across regions while honing in on the regional construction styles.
Previous scholars have had to apply a selection-based methodology, studying only a small handful of tombs and neglecting the majority of the necropolis. This methodology biases our dataset and misinforms our urban biography of Etruria, favoring a modern etic understanding of Etruscan cities. Additionally, previous research has sought to understand tombs as proxies for houses, which also favors a modern etic approach.
In order to move towards an emic understanding of Etruscan tombs, ETS documents all visible actions, including the construction of tombs, as well as recording cuts in the bedrock or other relevant activities. The documentation of all actions moves away from our current selection biases.
Additionally, in contrast to all previous research, which uses tombs to understand houses, ETS uses houses to understand tombs (Eichengreen, 2025). This new lens moves towards an emic knowledge of how these tombs were originally perceived in antiquity.
Dennis, G. (1883). The cities and cemeteries of Etruria J. Murray.
Eichengreen, A. W. (2025). From Huts to Palaces: Archaic Domestic Architecture in Rome, Latium, and Etruria, ca 900-450 BCE. (Ph.D.). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Marzullo, M. (2017). Spazi sepolti e dimensioni dipinte nelle tombe etrusche di Tarquinia. Milan: Ledizioni.
Naso, A. (1996). Architetture dipinte: decorazioni parietali non figurate nelle tombe a camera dell'Etruria meridionale: VII-V sec. a.C. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider.
Pallottino, M. (1939). La necropoli di Cerveteri (Vol. Roma). Roma: La Libreria dello stato, a. XVIII E. F.
Prayon, F. (1975). Frühetruskische Grab-und Hausarchitektur (Vol. 22). FH Kerle.
Riva, C. (2010). The urbanisation of Etruria: funerary practices and social change, 700-600 BC. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Steingräber, S. (1979). Etruskische Möbel. Roma: Bretschneider.
Steingräber, S. (2006). Abundance of life: Etruscan wall painting. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
Tobin, F. (2015). The chamber tombs of San Giovenale and the funerary landscapes of South Etruria. Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia
*Please note that this is by no means an inclusive list of works, but a very abbreviated selection of monographs related to the topic of Etruscan tomb architecture. There has been much research in the field of Etruscology, for the sake of space on this website many of these works are not included.