1. van den Bogert W, Lorenz J, Yi X, Shih AJ, Fazeli N, Lumped-parameter modeling and control for robotic high-viscosity fluid deposition, 2024 IEEE 20th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Aug 28-Sep 1, 2024, Bari, Italy.
2. Chen L, Plott J, Hildner M, Mei L, Shih AJ, Wensman J, Kelly B. Computer-aided design and additive manufacturing of custom silicone prosthetic finger. Proceedings of the ASME 2020 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2020, June 22-26, 2020, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
3. Dong T, Chen L, Shih AJ. Laser sharpening of carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for brain recording. Proceedings of the ASME 2020 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2020, June 22-26, 2020, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
4. Funes-Lora M, Zheng Y, Morgan J, Shih AJ, Weitzel W. Ultrasound measurement of vascular distensibility index based on edge detection and speckle tracking using DICOM data, ASAIO 66th Annual Conference, June 10-13, 2020, Chicago, IL.
1. Fu Q, Armstrong, TJ, Shih AJ. Development of a decision support system for ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) design based on lumped parameter models for human locomotion prediction, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63rd International Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES 2019), Oct 28-Nov 1, 2019, Seattle, WA.
2. Hildner M, Plott J, Shih A, Zhu B. Design of a static mixer for silicone extrusion additive manufacturing. Proceedings of the 47th SME North American Manufacturing Research Conference, NAMRC 47, June 10-14, 2019, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA.
3. Chen L, Hartner J, Van Dyke D, Dong T, Watson B, Shih A. Custom skull cap with precision guides for deep insertion of cellular-scale microwire into rat brain. Proceedings of the ASME 2019 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2019, June 10-14, 2019, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA.
4. Lyu JJ, Wu X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li AD, Zheng Y, Shih A. A miniature nickel-diamond electroplated wheel for grinding of the arterial calcified plaque. Proceedings of the 47th SME North American Manufacturing Research Conference, NAMRC 47, June 10-14, 2019, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA.
1. Bao Y, Xu M, Soltan M, Shih AJ, Clark H, Li VC, Three-dimensional Printing Multifunctional Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) for Structural Elements, 1st RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, September 10-12, 2018, Zurich, Switzerland.
2. Zheng Y, Lyu J, Liu Y, Lo J, Susamaz A, Gurm HS, Shih AJ. Grinding wheel motion and force during plaque removal by rotational atherectomy in angulated coronary artery. Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2018, June 18-22, 2018, College Station, Texas, USA.
3. Li DR, Tian X, Wang H, Plott J, Shih A. Five-Axis extrusion-based additive manufacturing of silicone 3D contour nonwoven fabrics. Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2018, June 18-22, 2018, College Station, Texas, USA.
4. Shih AJ, Park D, Yang Y, Chisena R, Wu D. Cloud-based Design and Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses. 50th CIPR Conference on Manufacturing System 2017, May 3-5, Taichung, Taiwan, Procedia CIRP 63C, 156-160.
5. Li D, Yeh J, Putra K, Shih A. Optical Measurement of Tissue Deformation in Needle Insertion. 3rd CIRP Conference on BioManufacturing 2017, July 11-14, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
6. Putra K, Plott J, Shih A. Biaxial Mooney-Rivlin coefficient of silicone sheet by additive manufacturing. 3rd CIRP Conference on BioManufacturing 2017, July 11-14, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
7. Tian X, Plott J, Wang H, Zhu B, Shih A. Silicone foam additive manufacturing by liquid rope coiling. 3rd CIRP Conference on BioManufacturing 2017, July 11-14, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
8. Shiou F, Huang S, Shih A, Zhu J, Yoshino M. Fine surface finish of a hardened stainless steel using a new burnishing tool. Proceedings of the 45th SME North American Manufacturing Research Conference, NAMRC 45, June 4-8, 2017, Los Angeles, California, USA.
9. Liu Y, Zheng Y, Pitre J, Weitzel W, Bull J, Shih A. Manufacturing and computational fluid dynamics modeling of a patient-specific fistula model. Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2017, June 4-8, 2017, Los Angeles, California, USA.
7. Li DR, Yeh JK, Lin WC, Montgomery JS, Shih A. Needle Deflection and Prostate Movement in Needle Insertion Using the Anatomically Accurate Prostate Simulator. Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC2017, June 4-8, 2017, Los Angeles, California, USA.
8. Li DR, Yeh JK, Plott J, Chisena R, Shih AJ. Cold Acetone Vapor Chemical Polishing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Surfaces Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling, 2017 World Congress Micro and Nano Manufacturing, March 27-30, 2017, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
9. Chisena R, Li DR, Shih AJ. Nano-Computed Tomography Inspection of Short Carbon-Fiber Filled Nylon for Fused Deposition Modeling Method, 2017 World Congress Micro and Nano Manufacturing, March 27-30, 2017, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
9. Tai B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Palmisano P, Holmes J, Shih AJ. Bone temperature and thermal damage in sequential drilling. CIRP 5th International Conference on Virtual Machining Process Technology, VMPT 2016, May 22-25, 2016, Taipei, Taiwan.
24.Zheng Y, Kohler R, Klamecki B, Shih AJ. Experimental and numerical investigation of micro-grinding in atherectomy. 9th International Workshop on Microfactories, Oct 5-8, 2014, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
26.Yan B, Wang Y, Chen L, Lou S, Shih AJ. Micro-blasting for cleaning coated abrasive belts for titanium grinding. The 11th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, ICFDM’2014, Nanjing, China.
27.Li W, Wang Y, Guo D, Shih AJ. Decomposition of cutting, internal and external force components in hollow needle insertion. The 11th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, ICFDM’2014, Nanjing, China.
43.Zhang L, Tai BL, Zhang K, Shih AJ. Estimation of bone temperature in grinding using inverse heat transfer method. The 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, ICFDM’2012, June 10-12, 2012, Chongqing, China. (Best paper award)
44.Wang YC, Loon MV, Tai B, Xu K, Shih AJ. Grinding the sharp tip in thin NiTi and stainless steel wires for medical devices. The 7th International Conference on Micro-Manufacturing (ICOMM 2012), March 12-14, 2012, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
46. Wang Y, Loon MV, Spangler C, Tai BL,. Xu K, Shih AJ. Grinding of lancet needle tip and its tissue insertion force analysis. The 7th International Conference on Micro-Manufacturing (ICOMM 2012), March 12-14, 2012, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
48. Raghavan M, Davis M, Esmonde-White FWL, Marini J, Shih AJ, Morris MD, Kozloff K. Microdamage-induced compositional changes in brtl/+ and wildtype mice: a raman imaging study. Orthopatic Research Society 2011 Annual Meeting, Feb 4-7, 2012, San Francisco, California, USA.
52. Kovacic B, Marini J, Shih AJ, Kozloff K. Development of anatomic models to assess fracture toughness of mouse and rat bone. Orthopatic Research Society 2011 Annual Meeting, January 13-16, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
54. Gao D, McGill CS, Moore JZ, Zheng H, McLaughlin PW, Zhang Q, Li S, Shih SJ. Study on needle deflection and insertion force during needle insertion. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, July 17-19, 2010, Changsha, China.
55. Tai BL, Dasch JM, Shih AJ. Evaluation of lubricants for minimum quantity lubrication. 2010 STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition, May 16-20, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
59. Tai BL, Dasch JM, Shih AJ. Evaluation of lubricants for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. Proceedings of the 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Oct. 4-7, 2009, West Lafayette, Indiana,, USA. (presentation only due to GM’s refusal to sign the ASME copyright agreement)
61. Moore JZ, Zhang Q, McGill CS, Zheng H, McLaughlin PW, Shih AJ. Modeling for plane and curved needle tip cutting edge geometry. 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR09), September 8-10, 2009, University of Warwick, UK.
62. Moore JZ, Zhang Q, McGill CS, Zheng H, McLaughlin PW, Shih AJ. Needle cutting edge modeling for tissue machining. 12th CIRP Conference on Modelling of Machining Operations, May 7-8, 2009, San Sebastian, Spain.
63. Kalita P, Carlson K, Shen B, Shih AJ, Malshe AP. Exploring performance of novel MoS2 nanoparticles for MQL grinding through tribological measurements. 2nd International & 23rd All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference, Chennai, December 15-17, 2008, India Institute of Technology, Madras, India.
64. Tao J, Ni J, Shih AJ. Dry and near-dry EDM milling of ultra-fine surface finish. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, Sept. 23-26, 2008, Tianjin, China.
65. Zheng H, Zhang Q, Moore JZ, Schwartz J, McGill C, McLaughlin PW, Shih AJ. Biopsy needle tissue cutting analysis. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing, Sept. 23-26, 2008, Tianjin, China.
68. Shen B, Dodde RE, Johnson EC, Chang K, Miller SF, Geiger JD, Shih AJ. Biomedical manufacturing – translational research between manufacturing and healthcare. 2007 International Conference on Advanced Manufacture, SME, Nov. 26-28, Tainan, Taiwan.
69. Dodde RE, Advincula AP, Shih AJ. A novel technique for demonstrating the real-time sub-surface tissue thermal profile of two energized surgical instruments. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, AAGL 36th Annual Meeting, Nov. 14-17, 2007, Washington, D.C., USA.
72. Chastagner MW, Miller SF, Geiger JD, Shih AJ. Tissue joining using the electrosurgical method. Proceedings of the 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference MSEC2007, October 15-17, 2007, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
76. Shen B, Shih AJ. Thermocouple fixturing method for grinding temperature measurement. International Symposium on Advanced Abrasive Technology 2007, Sep. 26-28, 2007, Dearborn, MI, USA.
78. Tao J, Shih AJ. Dry and near-dry electrical discharge milling processes. 15th International International Symposium on Electromachining (ISEM XV), April 23-27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
79. Kao CC, Tao J, Shih AJ. Water mist near dry wire and drilling electrical discharge machining and gap distance modelling. 15th International International Symposium on Electromachining (ISEM XV), April 23-27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
80. Huang Z, Shih AJ, Ni J. Three dimensional optical measurements for automotive applications. International Conference on Competitive Manufacturing COMA’07, February 3-5, 2007, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
85. Tao J, Kao CC, Shih AJ. Near dry electrical discharge machining. 7th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing and 7th S. M. Wu Symposium on Manufacturing Sciences, June 21-24, 2006, Guangzhou, China.
87. Li R, Shih AJ. High throughput drilling of Ti alloys. 7th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing and 7th S. M. Wu Symposium on Manufacturing Sciences, June 21-24, 2006, Guangzhou, China.
88. Huang Z, Shih AJ, Ni J. Quantitative evaluation of powder spray effects on three-dimensional stereovision measurements of machined components. CIRP-Sponsored 3rd International Conference on Reconfigurable Manufacturing, May 9-12, 2005, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
94. Kong J, Bakkal M, Miller SF, Shih AJ. Temperature measurement in ceramic grinding, machining of bulk metallic glass, and electrical discharge machining. NSF Workshop on Research Needs in Thermal Aspects of Material Removal Processes, June 2003, Stillwater, Okalahoma, USA.
99. Gust DJ, Shih AJ, Tricard M, Subramanian K. An approach for thru-feed grinding of ceramic. Symposium on Advanced Machining and Finishing Processes for Ceramics, Composites, and High Temperature Alloys, ASME World Congress & Expo., 1996, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
100.Shih AJ. Finite element analysis of the rake angle effects in orthogonal metal cutting. K. F. Ehmann, Ed., Manufacturing Science and Engineering, ASME, 1993.
101.Shih AJ, Yang HT, Chandrasekar S. Experimental and finite element simulation of metal cutting process with strain rate and temperature effects. Klamecki, B.E., and K. J. Weinmann, Ed., Fundamental Issues in Machining, ASME, 1990.
102.Wang KF, Shih AJ, Heinstein M, Yang HT, Chandrasekar S. Finite element analysis of heat treatment, metal cutting and forming. International Conference on Adv. in Structural Testing, Analysis, and Design, 1990, Bangalore, India.
103.Hwang WM, Shih AJ. Analysis and optimal synthesis of rear suspension mechanisms with single shock absorber for motorcycle. Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Mechanical Engineering, 1985, Kaoshiung, Taiwan.
104.Shih AJ, Hwang WM. A design for automatic manufacture of self-tapping screw dies. Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Mechanical Engineering, 1985, Kaoshiung, Taiwan.
Other Conference Papers:
1. Rooney D, Stephenson F, Liao P, Savastano L, Sagher O, Shih A, Tai B. Development of preliminary validation of a novel ventriculostomy simulator. The International Meeting for Simulation in Healthcare (IMSH), Jan. 10-14, 2015, USA.
2. Moelmann C, Davis P, Getz J, Pham A, Wobith D, Sarns R, Shih AJ. A walker with integrated seat embedded toilet seat for the elderly. Proceedings of the ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference SBC2013, June 26-29, 2013, Sunriver, Oregon, USA.
3. Belmont B, Wang Y, Ammanath P, Shih AJ, Wrobel JS. An apparatus to quantify anteroposterior and mediolateral shear reduction in shoe insoles. 2013 American Pediatrics Medical Association (APMA) Annual Scientific Meeting, July 21-25, 2013, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
6. Gleason MA, Moore JZ, Shih AJ, Brown CA. Characterizing radii on the tips of biopsy needles. 2011 Spring Topical Meeting on Structured and Freeform Surfaces, March 7–8, 2011, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
7. Shih AJ, Moore JZ, McGill CS, McLaughlin PW, Zhang Q, Zheng H. Biopsy needle cutting edge rake and inclination angles modeling of plane needles. 2011 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 4-7, 2011, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
8. Tai B, White SB, Stephenson DA, Shih AJ. MQL deep-hole drilling workpiece temperature. 2011 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 4-7, 2011, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
9. Shih AJ, Dodde R, Chen R, Advincula A. A novel surgical thermal management system in tissue machining. 2011 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 4-7, 2011, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
10. Shih AJ, McGill CS, Miller SF, Arul S, Kruger GH. Localized metal matrix composite formation on spot friction welding joint strength. 2011 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 4-7, 2011, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
11. Shih AJ, Moore JZ, McGill CS, McLaughlin PW, Zhang Q, Zheng H. Biopsy needle cutting edge rake and inclination angles modeling of plane needles. 2009 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, June 22-25, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
12. Shih AJ, Arul S, Kruger GH, Miller SF, Pan TY. Spot friction weld joint strength improvement through localized metal matrix composite formation. 2009 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, June 22-25, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
13. Gee JS, Dodde RE, Chastagner MW, Chen KR, Geiger JD, Shih AJ. Surgical thermal management system for tissue machining. 2009 NSF CMMI Research and Innovation Conference, June 22-25, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
15. Bastawros AF, Chandra A, Teomete E, Shih AJ. Analysis of wire saw process parameters for cutting of ductile materials. 2008 NSF CMMI Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 7-10, 2008, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
16. Kruger GH, Miller SF, Arul S, Shih AJ, Niekerk TI, Hattingh DG. Process monitoring and diagnosis of spot friction Welding. 2008 NSF CMMI Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 7-10, 2008, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
17. Dodde RE, Miller SF, Geiger JD, Shih AJ. Thermal-electric finite element analysis of electrosurgical cautery surgical process. 2008 NSF CMMI Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 7-10, 2008, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
18. Shen B, Xiao G, Guo C, Malkin S, Shih AJ. Heat partition in MQL grinding and thermocouple fxation method for grinding temperature measurement. 2008 NSF CMMI Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Jan 7-10, 2008, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
19. Miller SF, Kuo HY, Meyer K, Park K, Shih AJ, Ni J. High performance machining research at the S.M. Wu manufacturing research center: a review. The Proceedings of OMNI-CNC 2007 Annual Meeting, July 2007, Nagano, Japan.
21. Shen B, Shih AJ, Xiao G, Malkin S. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding using nanofluids. 2006 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, July 24-26, 2006, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
22. Li R, Qu J, Shih AJ. Finite element modeling of titanium machining. Third Wave Systems User Workshop, May 4, 2005, Dearborn, Michigan, USA.
23. Strenkowski JS, Yan J, Luo J, Shih AJ. Machining of elastomers – finite element modeling and induction heated tool. 2005 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 3-6, 2005, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
24. Bastawros AF, Chandra A, Shih AJ. Precision wire saw slicing of semiconductor wafers. 2005 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 3-6, 2005, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
25. Li R, Shih AJ. Finite element modeling of titanium machining. Thirdwave Systems User Conference, May 4, 2004, Dearborn, Michigan, USA.
27. Luo J, Shih AJ. Machining of elastomers. 6th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing and 6th S. M. Wu Symposium on Manufacturing Sciences, June 21-23, Xi’an, China.
28. Huang Z, Shih AJ, Ni J. Reconfigurable 3D precision optical measurements. 6th International Conference on Frontiers of Design and Manufacturing and 6th S.M. Wu Symposium on Manufacturing Sciences, June 21-23, Xi’an, China.
30. White SB, Johnson DD, Pipe K, Gallego N, Shih AJ, Stinton DP, Jih E. Carbon foam for thermal management of power electronics. 8th IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics in Transportation, Oct. 21-22, 2004, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
31. Strenkowski JS, Shih AJ, Luo J, Yan J. The use of induction heated tools and effective fixture design for improving the machinability of elastomers. 2004 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 5-8, 2004, Dallas, Texas, USA.
32. Miller SF, Rhoney BK, Shih AJ, McSpadden SB. Electrical discharge machining of metal bond diamond wheels for precision gringing. 2004 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 5-8, 2004, Dallas, Texas, USA.
33. Kong J, Bakkal M, Miller SF, Shih AJ. Temperature measurement in ceramic grinding, machining of bulk metallic glass, and electrical discharge machining. NSF Workshop on Research Needs in Thermal Aspects of Material Removal Processes, June 2003, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
34. Kong J, Shih AJ, Scattergood RO, Yonushonis TM, Gust DJ, Grant MB, McSpadden SB. Cost-effective form grinding of zirconia using silicon carbide wheels and ceramic grinding temperature measurement. 2003 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 6-9, 2003, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
35. Strenkowski JS, Shih AJ, Rodkwan S, Lewis MA. Machining of elastomers – experimental and numerical investigation. 2003 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 6-9, 2003, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
36. Clark WI, Shih AJ, Lemaster RL, McSpadden SB. Fixed-abrasive diamond wire machining. 2002 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 7-10, 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
37. Strenkowski JS, Shih AJ, Lewis MA, Rodkwan S, Poirier DR. Machining of elastomers. 2002 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 7-10, 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
38. Rhoney BK, Shih AJ, Scattergood RO. Wire EDM truing of metal bond diamond wheels for precision ceramic grinding. 2002 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Jan. 7-10, 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
39. Rhoney BK, Shih AJ, Scattergood RO, Akemon JL, Gust DJ, Grant MB. Wire EDM truing of metal bond diamond wheels. 2001 ASPE Annual Meeting, 2001, Crystal City, Virginia, USA.
40. Qu J, Shih AJ, Scattergood RO, McSpadden SB. Cylindrical wire electrical discharge machining process development. 2001 ASPE Annual Meeting, 2001, Crystal City, Virginia, USA.
41. Curry AC, Shih AJ, Scattergood RO, McSpadden SB, Dinwiddie RB. Infrared spectrometry for grinding temperature measurement. 2001 ASPE Annual Meeting, 2001, Crystal City, VA, USA.
42. Shih AJ, Yonushonis TM, Grant MB, Morris TO, McSpadden SB. High speed and high material removal rate grinding of ceramics using the vitreous bond CBN wheel. ASPE 13th Annual Meeting, Oct. 25-30, 1998, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
43. McSpadden SB, Morris TO, Shih AJ. High speed cylindrical grinding of heavy duty diesel engine components. Annual Automotive Technology Development Customers’ DOE Coordination Meeting, Oct. 27-30, Dearborn, Michigan, USA.
44. Shih AJ, Grant MB. An investigation of truing parameters for grinding zirconia. Superabrasive Technology 1996, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., November 7-8, 1996, Livermore, California, USA.
45. Shih AJ, Gust DJ, Grant MB. Precision grinding of ceramic diesel engine components. ASPE Spring Topical Meeting, 1996, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
46. Vishnupad P, Shin YC, Shih AJ. Monitoring of an internal grinding process. SME Grinding Conference, 1995, Detroit, Michigan, USA.