Polyploidy by cell type
A
Acinar Cells
#202: Matondo et al., 2018
B
Beta Cells
#204: Ehrie and Swartz, 1974
#205: Pohl et al., 1981
#244: Zhong et al., 2007
C
Cardiomyocytes
#005: Soonpaa et al., 1996
#041: Senyo et al., 2013
#084: Hesse et al., 2012
#085: Liu et al., 2010
#213: Brodsky et al., 1994
#216: Yu et al., 2003
#227: Schmid and Pfitzer, 1985
#263: Brodsky et al., 1991
#271: Brodsky et al., 1985
#287: Han et al., 2020
#288: Mollova et al., 2013
#308: Leone and Engel, 2019
#359: Moravec et al., 2002
#405: Silva et al., 2018
#444: Meckert et al., 2005
#445: Milliron et al., 2019
#467: Lee et al., 2019
E
Embryos
#157: Sauer et al., 1995
#278: Masubelele et al., 2005
#286: Baars et al., 2016
#345: Harrison et al., 2000
#351: Brooks and Riddle, 1988
Endosperm Cells
#133: Sabelli et al., 2013
#140: Schweizer et al., 1995
#146: Leiva-Neto et al., 2004
#168: Grafi and Larkins, 1995
#203: Barrôco et al., 2006
#323: Arias and Williams, 2008
Enterocytes
#001: Staley and Irvine, 2010
#018: Jiang et al., 2009
#032: Taracena et al., 2018
Epidermal Cells
#130: Bramsiepe et al., 2010
#138: Walker et al., 2000
#161: Kato et al., 1987
#174: Lozano et al., 2006
#290: Li et al., 2020
#367: Lammens et al., 2008
Epithelial Cells
#006: Shu and Deng, 2017
#038: Moriyama et al., 2016
#044: Ray et al., 2009
#047: Lee et al., 2017
#053: Bailey et al., 2020
#078: Wielgus et al., 1979
#089: Zanet et al., 2010
#093: Ganot and Thompson, 2002
#117: Zhong et al., 2003
#141: Puig et al., 2008
#194: Lazzeri et al., 2018
#196: Losick et al., 2013
#225: Adams et al., 2010
#226: Fleming, 2019
#231: Greisen, 2009
#239: Rios et al., 2016
#241: Uroz et al., 2019
#257: Starnes et al., 2016
#312: Fujiwara et al., 2005
#318: Potapova et al., 2016
#327: Killian et al., 2004
#354: Lӧffler, 1987
#378: Cong et al., 2018
#379: Grendler et al., 2019
#403: Payne et al., 2018
#404: Box et al., 2019
#466: Iftekhar et al., 2021
F
Fat Body Cells
#071: Nair et al., 1980
#080: Dean et al., 1980
#195: Guamer et al., 2017
#407: Guo et al., 2014
#408: Wu et al., 2018
#409: Irvine and Brasch, 1981
Fibroblasts
#031: Duelli et al., 2007
#124: Walen, 2006
#171: Walen, 2007
#322: Rich et al., 2013
#343: Cimini et al., 1999
#465: Iida et al., 2004
Follicle Cells
#027: Bäumer et al., 2012
#045: Jouandin et al., 2014
#064: Sun and Deng, 2007
#066: Schaeffer et al., 2004
#127: Sun et al., 2008
#128: Sun and Deng, 2005
#148: Jordan et al., 2006
#184: Royzman et al., 1999
#185: Shcherbata et al., 2004
#338: Deng et al., 2001
#388: Mahowald et al., 1979
#416: Cayirlioglu et al., 2001
#439: Tamori and Deng, 2013
Fungi
#114: Anderson et al., 2015 (Ashbya gossypii)
G
Glial Cells
#200: Zülbahar et al., 2018
#240: Hoshino et al., 1978
#250: Lapham, 1963
#252: Mann et al., 1976
#258: Cilibrasi et al., 2019
#300: Von Stetina et al., 2018
#310: Li et al., 2017
#332: Mares et al., 1987
#430: Tavares et al., 2020
H
HeLa Cells
#406: Homma et al., 2019
Hepatocytes
#002: Zhang et al., 2018
#004: Wang et al., 2014
#011: Nevzorova et al., 2009
#017: Kim et al., 2016
#021: Gentric et al., 2015
#023: Guidotti et al., 2003
#052: Pu et al., 2020
#077: Matsumoto et al., 2020
#082: Miyaoka et al., 2012
#098: Duncan et al., 2010
#101: Funk-Keenan et al., 2008
#106: Duncan et al., 2009
#122: Diril et al., 2012
#188: Zhang et al., 2017
#232: Meek and Harbison, 1967
#261: Severin et al., 1984
#262: Severin et al., 1984
#264: Cullen et al., 1994
#268: Melchiorri et al., 1993
#270: Barni et al., 1985
#272: Koike et al., 1982
#274: Koike et al., 1985
#275: Bou-Nader et al., 2019
#276: Hsu et al., 2016
#304: Del Monte, 2007
#305: Marcos et al., 2016
#319: Boada et al., 2002
#328: Miller et al., 1996
#330: Kudryavtsev et al., 1993
#337: Mukundan and Bamji, 1984
#349: Davies et al., 1993
#400: Pandit et al., 2012
#410: Chao et al., 2017
#411: Lin et al., 2020
#412: Chipchase et al., 2003
#432: Sladky et al., 2020
#447: Wang et al., 2011
Hypocotyl Cells
#151: Gendreau et al., 1999
#152: Gendreau et al., 1998
#154: Castellano et al., 2001
#293: Berckmans et al., 2011
Hypodermal Cells
#083: Morita et al., 2002
#401: Flemming et al., 2000
K
Keratinocytes
#235: Baden and Kubilus, 1983
#249: Gandarillas et al., 2000
#283: Freije et al., 2012
L
Leaves (whole, tissue)
#137: Coate and Doyle, 2010
#142: Park et al., 2005
#153: Cookson et al., 2006
#284: Del Prete et al., 2019
#291: Duan et al., 2020
#415: Zedek et al., 2020
Lung cells
#094: Zaragoza et al., 2010
#265: Matsuoka et al., 2000
#320: Matsuoka et al., 2001
Lymphocytes/Lymphoma/Prolymphocytes/Lymphoblasts
#012: Minn et al., 1996
#248: Illidge et al., 2000
#267: Elhajouji et al., 1998
#343: Minissi et al., 1999
#358: Hégarat et al., 2011
#437: Ivanov et al., 2003
M
Megakaryocytes/Megakaryoblasts
#054: Bermejo et al., 2002
#067: Eliades et al., 2010
#100: García et al., 2000
#106: Ballester et al., 2001
#107: Alexander et al., 1996
#108: Wang et al., 1995
#109: Zhang et al., 1998
#113: Chagraoui et al., 2011
#115: Trakala et al., 2015
#119: Vitrat et al., 1998
#143: Matsumura et al., 2000
#145: Luoh et al., 2000
#159: Nagata et al., 1997
#165: Rojnuckarin et al., 1999
#166: García and Calés, 1996
#175: Kikuchi et al., 1997
#177: Kaushansky et al., 1994
#178: Mercher et al., 2008
#228: Zhang et al., 1996
Meristematic Cells
#279: Grandjean et al., 2004
Myocytes
#026: Berger et al., 2008
#027: Bour et al., 2000
#029: Artero et al., 2003
#030: Jeong and Conboy, 2011
#033: Fernandes et al., 2005
#192: Jones and Ravid, 2004
#210: Barrett et al., 1983
#254: Lombardi et al., 1989
#314: Windner et al., 2019
#464: Johnston et al., 2020
N
Neurons/Neuroblasts
#086: Lasek and Dower, 1971
#223: Mola et al., 2001
#236: Bregnard et al., 1979
#237: Kuenzle et al., 1978
#238: Ribeiro, 2006
#242: Yamagishi et al., 2011
#243: Cuoghi and Mola, 2007
#246: Donovan and Corbo, 2012
#237: Wang et al., 2014
#251: Bregnard et al., 1975
#260: Coggeshall et al., 1970
#297: Herman and Lapham, 1969
#298: Westra et al., 2009
#302: Morillo et al., 2010
#311: Kemp et al., 2012
#385: Gay et al., 1970
#387: Nagy et al., 2012
#426: Yamagishi et al., 2012
#434: Wojcik et al., 2000
#442: Smith, 1970
#443: Forsman et al., 1989
#461: Ji et al., 2005
#487: Jungas et al 2020
#488: Jungas et al 2016
Nervous System Cells (unspecified)
#356: Chang et al., 2006 (CNS)
#366: O’Farrell and Kylsten, 2008 (PNS)
#391: Inoue et al., 2000 (CNS)
#381: Battaglia et al., 2005 (brain cells)
Nurse/Pseudonurse Cells
#019: Ribbert, 1979
#037: Mal’ceva et al., 1995
#059: Hong et al., 2003
#164: Dej and Spradling, 1999
#294: de Nooij et al., 2000
#372: Wattiaux and Tsien, 1971
#373: Doronkin et al., 2003
#377: Royzman et al., 2002
O
Osteoclasts
#450: McDonald et al., 2021
#451: Takegahara et al., 2015
Osteocytes
P
Pancreatic Cells
#015: Levine et al., 1991
#208: Webb et al., 1982
Papillar Cells
#282: Fox et al., 2010
#376: Bretscher and Fox, 2016
Placenta Tissue
#334: Wooding, 1980
#335: Watkins and Reddy, 1980
Prothoracic Gland Cells
#068: Cruz et al., 2020
#281: Ohhara et al., 2017
#299: Ohhara et al., 2019
#414: Zeng et al., 2020
Protozoa
#003: Yin et al., 2010
#456: Davids et al., 2008
R
Renal Cells
#214: Kovacs et al., 1988
Root Tip Cells
#342: Thomas et al., 1997
#360: Takahata et al., 1996
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
#121: Selmecki et al., 2015
#134: Wu et al., 2010
#135: Storchová et al., 2006
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Salivary Gland Cells
#042: Hammond and Laird, 1985
#062: Follette et al., 1998
#072: Zielke et al., 2011
#073: Sigrist and Lehner, 1997
#121: Sher et al., 2012
#126: Szuplewski et al., 2009
#156: Su and O’Farrell, 1998
#170: Wu et al., 1993
#173: Klapholz et al., 2009
#198: Datar et al., 2000
#374: Zielke et al., 2008
#421: Qian et al., 2020
#427: Park and Asano, 2008
#428: Moon and Kim, 2019
#469: Makunin et al., 2002
Secretory Cells
#433: Shen and Sun, 2017
#437: Sun and Spradling, 2012
Sepal Giant Cells
#131: Roeder et al., 2012
#132: Roeder et al., 2010
T
Trophoblasts/Trophoblast Giant Cells/Trophoblast Stem Cells
#010: Ogawa et al., 2016
#056: Parisi et al., 2003
#058: Hattori et al., 2000
#075: Gonzalez et al., 2006
#091: Barlow and Sherman, 1974
#092: de Renty et al., 2014
#110: Varmuza et al., 1988
#112: Corbel et al., 2013
#125: Tateishi et al., 2001
#147: Kohn et al., 2003
#167: MacAuley et al., 1998
#176: Nakayama et al., 1998
#212: Sarto et al., 1982
#224: Chrysanthou et al., 2018
#307: Nakano et al., 2002
#315: Buchrieser et al., 2019
#321: Klisch et al., 2017
#324: Nakano et al., 2005
#326: Klisch et al., 2004
#329: Klisch et al., 1999
#336: Reimers et al., 1985
#389: Zybina et al., 2009
#423: Ullah et al., 2011
V
Various
#007: Saucedo et al., 2003 (Drosophila gut, proventriculus, and fat body)
#024: Chen et al., 2016 (breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colon carcinoma cells)
#034: Scholes et al., 2013 (head, thorax, abdomen, and whole body ants)
#039: Lamb, 1982 (midgut and Malphigian tubules)
#040: Aron et al., 2005 (head and thorax)
#048: Campsteijn et al., 2012 (ovaries, testes, whole body)
#049: Bauer et al., 2012 (nurse cells, salivary gland cells)
#050: Duronio and O’Farrell, 1994 (whole embryos, salivary glands)
#051: Zhou et al., 2020 (salivary gland cells, epidermis, fat body, and trachea)
#055: Hammond and Laird, 1985 (nurse and follicle cells)
#057: Hong et al., 2007 (nurse cells, follicle cells, egg chambers)
#060: Hayashi, 1996 (wing discs, salivary glands, optic lobe)
#061: Narbonne-Reveau et al., 2008 (salivary glands, ovarioles, embryos)
#063: Weiss et al., 1998 (salivary gland cells, embryos, fat body)
#069: Gan et al., 2020 (cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and bone marrow cells)
#076: Britton and Edgar, 1998 (gut, fat body)
#078: Hernández-Martinez et al., 2013 (fat body culture, epithelial cells, dorsal vessel tissues)
#090: Chen et al., 2012 (trophoblast giant cells, hepatocytes)
#095 Yarosh and Spradling, 2014 (salivary gland cells, ovaries)
#097: Soloveva and Linzer, 2002 (trophoblast stem cells, trophoblast giant cells)
#099: Hedgecock and White, 1985 (intestinal cells, hypodermal cells)
#103: Erenpreisa et al., 2009 (Burkitt’s lymphoma, HeLa cells, lymphoblastoid culture)
#104: Erenpreisa et al., 2005 (lymphoid and epithelial cell culture)
#111: Davoli and de Lange, 2012 (fibroblasts, mammary epithelial cells, embryonic fibroblasts)
#118: Walen, 2002 (amniocytes, renal epithelial cells, embryonic fibroblasts)
#123: Weigmann et al., 1997 (various wing disc cells)
#136: Nordman et al., 2011 (fat body, salivary gland cells, midgut)
#139: Vlieghe et al., 2005 (cotyledons, hypocotyls, and leaves)
#144: Maines et al., 2004 (somatic and germ line cells)
#149: Imai et al., 2006 (trichomes, cotyledon, root, first leaves)
#150: Ianzini et al., 2009 (HeLa, colon cancer, and either breast cancer or melanoma cells)
#155: Boudolf et al., 2004 (first leaves; cotyledon, hypocotyl, root cells)
#160: Melaragno et al., 1993 (trichomes; stem and leaf epidermal pavement cells)
#162: Galbraith et al., 1991 (whole plants, leaves, cotyledons, floral buds, subtending floral leaves, stalk tissue)
#163: Fuse et al., 1994 (salivary gland cells, histoblasts)
#169: Cebolla et al., 1999 (root nodule cells, yeast, petiole cells)
#181: Weng et al., 2003 (salivary gland cells, macrochaetae cells)
#183: Smith and Orr-Weaver, 1991 (salivary gland cells, midgut, postgut, Malphigian tubules, wing disc, yolk nuclei)
#186: Xiang et al., 2017 (enterocytes, enteroblasts)
#187: Sallé et al., 2012 (neurons, socket, and shaft cells)
#189: Losick et al., 2016 (endothelial cells, epithelial cells)
#191: De Veylder et al., 2002 (palisade cells, root, trichome, and cotyledon)
#197: Knoblich et al., 1994 (nervous system cells, dorsal epidermis, gut)
#199: Sher et al., 2013 (megakaryocytes, trophoblast giant cells)
#201: Matsuda et al., 2018 (cotyledon and hypocotyl cells)
#207: Magyar et al., 2012 (adaxial epidermal cells, cotyledon cells)
#209: Biesterfeld et al., 1994 (hepatocytes, urothelial cells, mesothelial cells)
#220: Atkin, 1962 (cervical carcinoma; uterine, breast, and other(?) tumors)
#221: Gilbert and Pfitzer, 1977 (adrenal and thyroid tissue)
#234: Bohman et al., 1985 (hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, cerebral cells, several kidney tissues, adrenal cells, thyroid)
#253: Buntrock et al., 2012 (Malphigian tubule, silk gland, and intestinal cells)
#255: Mann and Yates, 1973 (Purkinje neurons, glia)
#256: Mann and Yates, 1973 (Purkinje neurons, glia)
#277: Jégu et al., 2013 (rosette leaves, seedlings)
#280: Wu et al., 2016 (fat body, follicle cells)
#285: Raftopoulo et al., 2020 (osteosarcoma, liposarcoma)
#295: Niculescu et al., 1998 (lung, colon, epidermoid, cervical carcinoma cells; osteosarcoma cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, embryonic fibroblasts)
#296: del Pozo et al., 2006 (cotyledon cells, mature rosette leaves, whole seedlings)
#333: Bilinski et al., 1984 (S. cerevisiae, S. uvarum)
#339: Ohkura et al., 1997 (follicle cells, CNS cells)
#340: Lilly and Spradling, 1996 (follicle cells, nurse cells)
#341: Renkawitz-Pohl and Kunz, 1975 (follicle cells, nurse cells)
#346: Stokke et al. 1997 (leukemia, lymphoma, breast carcinoma, and cervix carcinoma cells)
#352: Sasaki et al., 1986 (HeLa, lung, mammary carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroblasts)
#353: Gupta, 1982 (embryoid and microspore cells)
#357: Sakaue-Sawano et al., 2013 (trophoblast giant cells, megakaryocytes)
#363: Hassel et al., 2014 (nurse cells, follicle cells)
#364: Maqbool et al., 2010 (salivary gland cells, fat body cells)
#368: Manak et al., 2002 (wing disc cells, L3 brain cells)
#369: Salzler et al., 2009 (wing disc cells, salivary gland cells, neuroblasts)
#370: Hanson et al., 2005 (embryos, wing disc cells, bristle cells)
#371: Shandala et al., 2004 (brain cells, PNS cells)
#375: Jalal et al., 2015 (embryo, S2 cells, wing cells, eyes)
#383: Terada et al., 1998 (testis, spleen, and lung cells)
#384: Kenan-Eichler et al., 2011 (root tip cells, leaf tissue)
#390: Vilaboa et al., 2004 (megakaryoblasts, primary megakaryocytes)
#392: Swanson et al., 2015 (salivary gland cells, midgut, follicle cells)
#393: Adachi et al., 2011 (epidermal cells, MM2d cells)
#395: Zhou et al., 2016 (epithelial cells, fusion cells)
#397: Mehrotra et al., 2008 (follicle cells, fat body cells, salivary gland cells)
#399: Pierce et al., 2004 (salivary gland cells, fat body cells)
#403: Broughton et al., 2019 (cardiomyocytes, cardiac interstitial cells, cardiac stem cells, intestinal tissue, bone marrow)
#413: Rangel et al., 2015 (Malphigian tubule cells, neurons, myocytes, stinger and leg cells)
#418: Hochegger et al., 2007 (lymphoma cells, HeLa cells)
#422: Kasmiyati et al., 2020 (roots, shoots)
#424: Geng et al., 2003 (trophoblast giant cells, megakaryocytes)
#431: Bainard et al., 2020 (leaf and stem tissue)
#438: Wang et al., 2019 (breast and ovarian cancer cells)
#440: Kállai et al., 2020 (leaf cells, cotyledon cells)
#446: Held, 1981 (eye, thorax, wing)
#448: Moreno et al., 2020 (first leaf, internal, and epidermal cells)
#453: Zhang et al., 2014 (salivary gland cells, fat body cells)
#457: Fráková et al., 2021 (root, stem, lower leaf petiole, lower leaf lamina, flower pedicel, calyx, corolla, pistil and stamen tissue)
#458: Rodríguez-Pérez et al., 2021 (myoblasts, embryonic kidney cells)
#460: Boudolf et al., 2009 (cotyledon, root cells)
#462: Audibert et al., 2006 (socket, shaft cells)
#468: Stormo and Fox, 2016 (wing disc cells, papillar cells)
#470: Dolfini, 1976 (GM2 and GM3 cell lines)
Other/Misc
#009: Qi et al., 2015 (decidual cells)
#013: Mihaylov et al., 2002 (Drosophila SD2 cells)
#016: Lai et al., 2018 (planarian neoblasts)
#036: Meneses-Acosta et al., 2001 (Sf9 cells)
#043: Cao et al., 2017 (epicardium)
#046: Øvrebø et al., 2015 (coenocyst)
#070: Djabrayan et al., 2014 (tracheal cells)
#087: Kondakova and Efremov, 2014 (yolk syncytial layer)
#088: Cho and Nijhout, 2013 (scale building cells)
#102: Finkin et al., 2008 (HeLa cells)
#211: Tan et al., 2004 (stromal cells)
#229: Datta et al., 1996 (erythroleukemia cells)
#230: Bauke and Schӧffling, 1968 (reticuloendothelial cells)
#273: Lipman et al., 1983 (chondrocytes)
#292: Bhosale et al., 2018 (cortical cells)
#306: Risso-Pascotto et al., 2006 (grass accessions)
#309: Mesa et al., 2019 (unspecified Arabidopsis tissue samples)
#313: Oberringer et al., 1999 (wound cells)
#355: Nelson et al., 1983 (gland cells)
#361: Simmonds and Setterfield, 1986 (protoplasts)
#362: Burkhart and Malling, 1989 (spermatozoa)
#380: Dolfini, 1974 (GM3 cells)
#382: Dolfini, 1971 (KC cells)
#396: Ulrich, 1990 (whole organism)
#398: Jiménez-Góngora et al., 2019 (pavement cells)
#417: Weingartner et al., 2004 (seedlings)
#419: Sosunov et al., 2020 (astrocytes)
#429: Pacey et al., 2019 (rosette leaf cells)
#435: Giet and Glover, 2001 (S2 cells)
#449: Cohen et al., 2018 (pyloric cells)
#452: Wang and Spradling, 2020 (principal cells)
#454: Tagal and Roth, 2021 (non-small cell lung cancer cells)
#459: Narukawa et al., 2020 (haustoria cells)