Introduction

Public spaces may appear neutral, though they often are more deliberate as many elements regulate who can occupy a space. As this distinct style is typically implemented in a public setting, the elements are frequently overlooked, as they are subtly embedded within design. Some elements such as metal bench dividers, extremely high fences, and curved seats are simple elements that represent exclusionary architecture. These elements often deter rather than support the built environment as it is directed towards the use of the space. Over time, many environments have reduced accessible elements and increased hostile ones, specifically in areas that are prone to homelessness. In response, this project proposes a bench to reflect on both the hostile and accessible sides of design with two design elements for them on each side. Considering such an issue, this leads to the central question: How does defensive architecture have an impact on various demographics at the University of Maryland, College Park?

Literature Review

One of the earliest examples of hostile architecture was the use of urine deflectors in Europe, which prevented individuals from urinating in front of businesses. This approach further sparked many exclusionary design tactics. In New York during the mid 20th century, an architect designed a bridge that was unusually low, preventing public transports from being able to pass underneath. It was influenced as a result of noticing that African Americans were heavily using public transportation and White individuals wanted to limit their access to areas around them (SHP). Some current forms of hostile architecture include bench dividers, spikes, uneven pavement, and uncomfortable curvature (NDC). 

In contrast, there are many accessible elements in design that often go unnoticed within the built environment. One example is the use of contrast colors. These colors can be used by providing the slightest contrast in color or brightness which helps blind and colorblind individuals identify entrances and exits (COP). Additional influences from various artists have also inspired the development of the bench. This includes the Camden Benches in London and The B_TWEEN Bench by Gamma Architects. The Camden Bench pushed a heavy influence with the curvature/uncomfortable seating on the hostile side of the bench. Gamma Architects' design provided inspiration with the opening for a wheelchair. Considering the given information, these enhanced the decisions made for the final product.

Methods

In order to push forward and advance the overall design, a range of methods were used for this project. This process began with research, which included gathering qualitative data and the analysis of various sources to understand the different design elements that are commonly used within the built environment. This research informed the selection of elements later used in the project. Additionally, methods such as design thinking, sketching, model making, and painting were used in order to create the model itself. With prior knowledge and background with all of these techniques, the development and design process of the project was undemanding.

Audience & Impact

Due to the significant impact these elements have had on individuals, this project is truly directed towards anyone that has been impacted by the hostile design elements within the built environment. This includes, but is not limited to, people that are disabled, POC, members of the LGBTQIA+ community, and senior citizens. However, it is specifically aimed at designers, developers, and city planners. It is important to bring awareness to this issue as it will encourage great acknowledgement of these groups, promoting ethical design practices to be implemented, ultimately creating spaces that are accessible and usable for all.

References

“Colour and Brightness – Clearing Our Path Version 2.0.” Clearing Our Path, https://clearingourpath.ca/index.php/design-needs/design-basics/colour-and-brightness-contrast/.

Single Homeless Project. “Hostile Architecture and Its Impact on Homelessness.” Single Homelessness Project, 2 Oct. 2024, www.shp.org.uk/homelessness-explained/hostile-architecture-and-its-impact-on-homelessness/.

the Neighborhood Design Center. “Understanding Hostile Architecture: The Cause and Effect of Restricting Public Space.” the Neighborhood Design Center, 2 Oct. 2023, ndc-md.org/news-and-stories/understanding-hostile-architecture-the-cause-and-effect-of-restricting.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my capstone partner, Imani Timity, my advisors, Heather Bremenstuhl, Harold Burgess, and Irene Park, and as well as the Arts Scholars Sophomore class. They helped drastically with the development of this project from start to finish. I appreciate the effort made in response to this heavy social issue.