Taiwan’s culture has undergone a series of tumultuous changes as a result of previous colonizations during the Japanese Occupation period, the transfer of power from the Japanese to the Kuomintang Party, and currently, the People’s Republic of China. During the Japanese Occupation period and the takeover of the Kuomintang Party, Taiwanese indigenous culture was not tolerated and extreme measures were taken to eradicate it in an attempt to assimilate indigenous people into either Japanese or Chinese culture. As a result, many aspects of the Taiwanese indigenous culture were hidden away or lost to time. However, culture is something which is resilient and has the ability to evolve while preserving its authenticity. One of the ways which cultural ideas and traditions are preserved is through adapting them to modern practices.
The advent of electroacoustic music in the 1960s, followed by its integration into academic curricula in the late 1980s, helped to keep the indigenous cultures alive by providing an additional medium that could preserve their rich history, tradition, and values. Electroacoustic music as a medium also ensures that future generations will have access to learn about their indigenous communities. More recently, electronic music has been paired with other music disciplines by artists who actively work towards adapting Taiwanese indigenous culture to the fast-paced world of today. Electronic music has become an effective medium for innovative artists like Dungi Sapor, Chieh Huang, and Aljenljeng Tjaluvie. In an effort to preserve and promote indigenous Taiwanese culture, these artists incorporate aspects of that culture into their electronic music, thereby connecting different generations of indigenous groups and indigenous communities.
DJ artist Dungi Sapor is from Hualien and she is of the Amis indigenous Austronesian ethnic group. In her interview with Brian Hioe, she brings up that through her work as a DJ she hopes to introduce electronic music to younger indigenous audience groups to show them the importance of learning their culture early on but from the perspective of an electronic musician. She does this by incorporating indigenous war melodies in her electronic music. This desire to inform the younger generations of their cultural heritage stems from her own personal experience growing up; she was not introduced to aspects of her indigenous culture at a young age. She parallels this experience to when she visited New Zealand, where she was immersed in the Maori culture and witnessed how their traditions are ingrained in children early on.
By teaching indigenous culture to the younger generations earlier, that culture can be sustained and supported. They not only grow up knowing the importance of the culture but also normalize it through being familiar with it earlier in their lives rather than later. One of Dungi’s missions as a DJ artist is to support young indigenous musicians. She recognizes the importance of having someone these young people can seek for guidance and have as a role model, especially as some of them may be coming from underprivileged backgrounds and are under certain social pressures that could make it more challenging to pursue their interests. Her support helps to bring confidence to these younger indigenous musicians who are developing their careers at a point in music history where western practices dominate the music industry.
Amidst their exploration of electronic music, these artists inevitably encounter challenges along the way. Dungi Sapor acknowledges in her interview that there are internal conflicts amongst rural and urban indigenous people. There is often a disconnect between the rural and urban indigenous because of the physical distance between them. The urban indigenous have to adapt quickly to the urban environment and social practices, thus losing their indigenous ways as result of trying to assimilate. However, despite this, Dungi Sapor is trying to work out a solution by engaging with young people from both rural and urban indigenous communities to create music that will unite the culture as a whole.
Similarly, University of California, Irvine doctoral student Chieh Huang, who grew up in an Atayal family in Taiwan, emphasizes the importance of connecting back to her heritage. Her doctoral research seeks to uplift the the Atayal language by integrating distinct elements of it into her musical compositions. She uses technology such as Max/MSP, MalletKAT and MUGIC to capture certain features of the Atayal language, including its distinct rhythm constructs, pitch tendencies, and phonemic components. The music she is creating is something that if maintained can last for a substantial amount of time for future generations to have and experience.
By recording and incorporating the Atayal language in her music she is providing an authentic source for people to learn about the language that text-only preservation cannot do. It would capture the humanist features of how people produce these sounds physically. She is contributing to indigenous communities by giving them a newer and more modern medium to spread awareness about their culture, thus allowing for a greater cultural exchange with foreigners. To thrive, culture relies heavily on people practicing it, even if it isn’t necessarily the people the culture originated from.
These artists face personal challenges as well. For Chieh Huang, the responsibilities of motherhood demand a significant investment of both time and energy, as she cares for her two children. Even though they do not speak Atayal, she hopes that her music will provide them another opportunity to connect with their heritage. Additionally, she has a long-term ambition to expand her endeavors in advocating for indigenous language communities, not merely as a dissertation project but as a lifelong personal commitment.
Singer Aljenljeng Tjaluvie, who goes by the stage name “Abao”, is of Paiwan descent. She started her career in 2003 when she debuted with the group Abao and Brandy, singing in the Paiwan language. She later debuted as a soloist in 2019 with her first album, Vavayan: Woman. With her music now accessible on online platforms like Youtube and Spotify, she has gained international influence that has increased the opportunities for foreigners to interact with indigenous Taiwanese culture. Her songs are culturally rich, telling stories about Paiwan families, teaching the language, and including the voices of other indigenous people.
By utilizing modern recording techniques, Tjaluvie is able to capture a variety of indigenous voices, each with unique qualities, and manipulate them into a song which she uses to teach people about Paiwan culture. To foreigners it's unique and catchy, while for indigenous people, it's familiar and nostalgic. The contribution of her electronic music is helping to build a new face for the indigenous communities. Her music helps to break down the negative stereotypes associated with indigenous groups such as being tribal and out of tune with modern society. In 2015 Tjaluvie launched a project called “Nanguaq” that aimed to collect and record Aboriginal music from across Taiwan. She traveled to a variety of indigenous communities to record traditional songs in order to preserve them for younger generations. She incorporates these recordings in her own music. Not only will these recordings add to the diversity within the music industry, but her efforts will facilitate opportunities for people to experience what indigenous culture is and has to offer.
Similarly to Dungi Sapor, Aljenljeng Tjaluvie has also run into internal challenges with the indigenous groups through her “Nanguaq'' project. Her experiences working with indigenous communities have not always proven to be successful; she is often met with distrust and people will often avoid her even after agreeing to being recorded. However, her reaction is rather lax and she doesn’t linger on it. She instead respects their decision and waits for another opportunity to present itself.
These indigenous artists contribute significantly to their indigenous communities but they aren’t the only ones. In his article “Reflection on the Identity at Indigenous Popular Music Training Camp in Taiwan,” author Guo-Ting Lin Kuing mentions several music training camps which specialize in indigenous popular music creation programs. One of them is the 'MINETJUS Electronic Music Production' Program, organized by Dark Paradise Records (派樂黛唱片), an independent record label located in Taipei. This initiative blends electronic music with indigenous culture, empowering young musicians to infuse their electronic compositions with the richness of their ethnic heritage. To ensure the students succeed, they align the training camp courses with the standards prevalent in the current music industry landscape. Programs like these help to provide opportunities for people with interest in music who may not have the resources or education to pursue it within their local education system. It is also for these children to interact with other children who have similar interests in this field so they don’t feel alone and ostracized.
Cultures fading away as a result of being abandoned in order to assimilate to what is considered the acceptable modern culture has become increasingly more common. Growing up, Aljenljeng Tjaluvie had to abandon her own language to adapt to urban settings that did not accommodate her indigenous language. She recounts that “‘My father was the first person who pushed me to learn Taiwanese," and that "He feared we would be bullied and we wouldn't even understand" (Tjaluvie, Aljenljeng). This part of her story demonstrates the status indigenous languages have outside of their communities and how indigenous people perceive their language beyond their communities. For her father to perceive learning their native language as being unnecessary and more of a hindrance within their new environment speaks to the social pressures indigenous people face. Moreover, Dungi Sapor also comments in an interview with Brian Hioe that “A lot of Indigenous friends in the city comment to me on feeling distant from their communities, that this makes it difficult to maintain culture” (Sapor, Dungi). Electronic music has the ability to bridge this divide but also preserve what remains of the culture by combining the old traditional values, melodies, messages with the newer yet familiar style of the present. While electronic music has this potential, it needs not only the support of both rural and urban indigenous communities, but also the support from older and younger generations. Through sharing information about how electronic music is used to preserve indigenous culture, people will become more familiar with it, thus normalizing its presence within varous social settings. By supporting artists like Dungi Sapor, Chieh Huang, and Aljenljeng Tjaluvie, who integrate indigenous elements such as language into their music, we can normalize the presence of indigenous culture, connecting different generations and communities, alleviating pressure, and promoting cultural diversity within our social settings.
Written by Bethan L. Cruise