Eurydice

Eurydice Reveals Her Strength


Dying is the easy part.

As you still live, my dear, why did you come?

You should learn an easing of the heart

As I have, now, for truly some

Prefer this clarity of mind, this death

Of all the body’s imperious demands:

That constant interruption of the breath,

That fever-greed of eyes and hands

To digest your beauty whole.

You strike a tune upon a string:

They say that it is beautiful.

You sing to me, you sing, you sing.

I think, how do the living hear?

But I remember now that it was just

A quiver in the membrane of the ear,

And love, a complicated lust.

And I remember now, as in a book,

How you pushed me down upon the grass and stones,

Crushed me with your kisses and your hands and took

What there is to give of emptiness, and moans.

We strained to be one strange new beast enmeshed,

And this is what we strained against, this death,

And clawed as if to peel away the flesh,

Crawled safe inside another’s hollowness,

Because we feared this calm of being dead.

I say this. You abhor my logic, and you shiver,

Thinking I may as well be just some severed head

Floating down a cool, forgetful river,

Slipping down the shadows, green and black,

Singing to myself, not looking back.


Eurydice’s Footnote

…a single Hellenistic poem, on which Virgil

and Ovid drew freely … made a vitally

important change by turning the recovery

of Eurydice, whether complete or

temporary, into a tragic loss.”

- C.M. Bowra, The Classical Quarterly, 1952

Love, then, always was a matter of revision

As reality, to poet or to politician

Is but the first rough draft of history or legend.

So your artist’s eye, a sharp and perfect prism,

Refracts discreet components of a beauty

To fix them in some still more perfect order.

(I say this on the other side of order

Where things can be re-invented no longer.)

Still I recall, at times, the critical moment

When nothing was so difficult as you had wanted

and knowing my love would grow back for you

like any crop,

You turned your head, an inhospitable, cold planet

(Your eyes—flash, flash, like sickles) –

How the sun grew far away again and small

As a red eye at the telescope’s far tapering.

Life proved fickle as any lover.

I still imagine your explanation, were it to come,

As in some catalogued and hard-bound learned journal

Speaking with 100 iron tongues of respected criticism:

Disappointment in the end was more aesthetic

Than any merely felicitous resolution.


A.E. Stallings, employing a backdrop from Greek Myth, devises and asserts the gift of excellent poetry in a sure feminine voice mottled with strength, irony, and anger. She does this with precise diction and construction like the night-work of an especially talented jeweler who never sells her goods. In these two poems, Eurydice, who ultimately dies twice, is composed and reconciled, though angry, in her still-life in death.

Excellent poetry contends with our indecipherable hollows. It penetrates and carefully invents in order to broach knowing. Excellent poetry never knows, but seems to, or might, and bequeaths that clever – frequently undesired – gift to the reader. In her two, possibly companion, poems, “Eurydice Reveals Her Strength” and “Eurydice’s Footnote”, A.E. Stallings, employing a backdrop from Greek Myth, devises and asserts that gift in a sure feminine voice mottled with strength, irony, and anger. She does this with precise diction and construction like the night-work of an especially talented jeweler who never sells her goods. In these two poems, Eurydice, who ultimately dies twice, is composed and reconciled, though angry, in her still-life in death.

The myth of Eurydice and Orpheus is a twice felt tragedy. Orpheus was the greatest mortal musician: “There was no limit to his power when he played and sang.” (Hamilton, 136-137). It is not known if he ensnared Eurydice, but he loved her, and they were married. First tragedy: “Directly after the wedding, as the bride walked in a meadow…a viper stung her and she died” (Hamilton, 137-138). Through his song Orpheus convinced the gods of the underworld to let him retrieve her but with one condition: that he not look back at her until they had returned to the world. Of course, Orpheus looks back – it is unclear why – and Eurydice is spirted back to the underworld. She has died twice.

It is a subtly angry, knowing Eurydice Stallings presents in “Eurydice Reveals Her Strength”. Her strength is reflected, becalmed in death, in her new sense of self and particularly in her coy or perhaps spiteful second-sight, that concludes the poem. We don’t know the details of her background, but it is not unlikely that she has suffered manipulation in her life as a Greek woman though she has certainly suffered the consequences of outside forces as presented in the myth that now, in death, she need not suffer anymore. This is seen in her relaxed commentary on the virtues of death early in the poem and in the rising antagonism as the poem proceeds and bites toward Orpheus.


The poem opens with Eurydice, dead, speaking to Orpheus who has gained access to the underworld. Her greeting is porous and unexcited considering that her new husband has come to rescue her to return with him to the world and life:

Dying is the easy part.

As you still live, my dear, why did you come?

You should learn an easing of the heart

As I have…

Her lover Orpheus has come to save her, yet she greets him tepidly at best: dying isn’t so bad; why are you here; you should try this—meaning death. There is certainly no excitement at the arrival of her husband, hero, savior. She goes on to describe the pleasures of death with its removal of human needs and urges:

…for truly some

Prefer this clarity of mind, this death

Of all the body’s imperious demands:

That constant interruption of the breath,

That fever-greed of eyes and hands

To digest your beauty whole.

She then starts to, not so subtly, diminish him, first denigrating his paranormal talent for music and singing:

You strike a tune upon a string:

They say that it is beautiful.

You sing to me, you sing, you sing.

I think, how do the living hear?

But I remember now that it was just

A quiver in the membrane of the ear…

Your talent is not so special – “You strike upon a string” and “They say” “that it is beautiful” but not to the dead. She continues her denigration pointing out that what he produced through music caused “just/A quiver in the membrane of the ear…” His talent which awes the earth and the living is barely an anatomical reference in her becalmed new world and her fading memory of her tawdry old world.

Her disparagement of him and the living world deepens as she impeaches love:

And love, a complicated lust.

And I remember now as in a book,

How you pushed me down upon the grass and stones,

Crushed me with your kisses and your hands and took

What there is to give of emptiness and moans.

Love is just “a complicated lust.” Her memory of making love is being “pushed down on grass and stones”, “Crushed with kisses” where you “took/What there is to give of emptiness”: Stallings’s Eurydice’s verbs tell it all: pushed, crushed, took. This was a violent theft and, worse, a theft “of emptiness and moans.” Love pales in comparison to death: “…truly some//Prefer this clarity of mind, this death/Of all the body’s imperious demands.” And her case for death continues: “And this is what we strained against, this death, … this calm of being dead.” Death sounds like a relief.



Orpheus Looks Back

Finally, the coup de grace, as Eurydice, laughing silently at Orpheus, secretly foretells his brutal murder, occurring some time after his backwards look returns her to the underworld: “They slew the gentle musician, tearing him limb from limb, and flung the severed head into the swift river Hebrus. It was borne along past the river’s mouth…” (Hamilton, 140). Eurydice reveals:

I say this. You abhor my logic, and you shiver,

Thinking I may as well be just some severed head

Floating down a cool forgetful river,

Slipping down the shadows, green and black,

Singing to myself, not looking back.

She seems to take pleasure in this, mocking him and ostensibly describing her own “severed head/floating down a cool forgetful river” while the reference really looks ahead to Orpheus’ demise. More revealing, she is now on her own ‘singing to herself’ no longer subject to the power of his singing. And she is ‘not looking back’ – which mimics and indicts the action of his betrayal, but also declares her new-found fidelity to herself. Possibly her most important strength.


Nymphs Finding Orpheus's Head

"Eurydice’s Footnote” is not remorseful but is bitterly critical that she was a pawn for the appetites of nervous poets and critics and, closer to the heart, her song-swelled lover.

Fidelity is the inflamed ligament connecting “Eurydice Reveals Her Strength” and “Eurydice’s Footnote”. “Eurydice’s Footnote” appears to integrate two streams of rebuke. First, Stallings chides, through Eurydice, the literary authorities as manipulative editors of the truth, imposing a tragic ending on her love story. Second, Stallings allows Eurydice to interpret and berate Orpheus’ action that returned her to death in the underworld.

Tragedy is a literary mechanism through which we confer a dark veneer and contemplative value on death perhaps to undo our fear of its plain, interminable silence. But Stallings, as Eurydice, in a kind of meta, inter-dimensional way, criticizes her authors and their choices that curb her life into a horror of two deaths, supporting this artificial gilding of literature by finessing death into the “more perfect order” of tragedy:

Love…always was a matter of revision

…to poet or politician…

So your artist’s eye…

Refracts discreet components of a beauty

To fix them in some still more perfect order.

That “more perfect order” is tragedy and, in Eurydice’s case, a doubling so at dying twice. One infers a rebuke of the literati in both her words above and with Stallings’s inclusion of the epigraph quoting C.M. Bowra, a British classical scholar and critic in the 1900’s which - in Eurydice’s eyes – may read like a confession. A fuller view of the Bowra article, including the epigraph, follows and seems to expose an editorial decision to commit her tale to tragedy:

“So from the fifth to the first century we have a series of testimonies to a story in which Orpheus succeeded in bringing his wife back from the dead” (Bowra, 1952, p. 120).

“The second stage is represented by a single Hellenistic poem, on which Virgil and Ovid drew freely. No doubt it owed elements to the earlier poems, but it made a vitally important change by turning the recovery of Eurydice, whether complete or temporary, into a tragic loss” (Bowra 1952, p. 125).

Eurydice’s criticism confronts not only the poets, but also, in her eyes, Orpheus’s adjustable desires and fealty. She turns her focus and surmise on the brittle moment of treachery by Orpheus:

Still I recall, at times, the critical moment

When nothing was so difficult as you had wanted,

And knowing my love would grow back for you like any crop,

You turned your head, an inhospitable, cold planet

“When nothing was so difficult as you had wanted” seems not only a challenge to Orpheus’ motivations but suggests an inherent inclination toward ‘greener grass’ and love as casual fare. “love…like any crop”. Now, Orpheus, no longer the melodic hero and savior, becomes the pin of appetite, eschewing the already won and preferring the open opportunity for something else, something better, or at least different: “Life proved fickle as any lover”. And as part of that choice, turns back to Eurydice dismissing her to death in the underworld as his “…eyes—flash, flash, like sickles…” sickles the tool of death.

Finally, it seems both subjects – the literati and Orpheus – are targeted. One can imagine the words of the final tercet and couplet bitten off as they are spoken by Eurydice toward the academics and her betraying lover, the purveyors and causers of her tragedy:

I still imagine your explanation, were it to come

As in some catalogued and hard-bound learned journal

Speaking with 100 iron tongues of respected criticism:

Disappointment in the end was more aesthetic

Than any merely felicitous resolution.

And the “more aesthetic”, for Eurydice, meant being thrown back to the underworld, as these encrusted scholars and her disingenuous lover remove her for the sake of weightier literature and ‘a different crop’, respectively. “Eurydice’s Footnote” is not remorseful but is bitterly critical that she was a pawn for the appetites of nervous poets and critics and, closer to the heart, her song-swelled lover. Outside this diatribe, however, one can imagine Eurydice reverting to her state in “Eurydice Reveals Her Strength” where she is “Singing to myself, not looking back” in the calm of death where our indecipherable, unquiet hollows are no longer at play.


Works Cited

Bowra, C.M. "Orpheus and Eurydice." The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1952.

Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Company. 1942.