We conducted leak-proof testing using a static water column to simulate venous blood pressure to ensure the adapter could reliably prevent back-bleeding. Each prototype was connected to a Cordis introducer and catheter setup, and the system was pressurized to 30 mmHg, the average pressure of a central vein. Initial designs experienced leakage due to an imperfect seal between the catheter and the O-ring in the adapter. In response, we iteratively adjusted the hole diameter and refined the internal geometry. 

To evaluate the practicality of our adapter in emergency settings, we performed ease-of-use testing to measure the average setup time and overall usability. Testers unfamiliar with the project were given a Cordis introducer and a TVP catheter and were asked to connect them using our final adapter design. On average, users could assemble the system in under 15 seconds, meeting our design constraint for procedural efficiency. Feedback indicated that the intuitive snap-in design and compact form factor made the adapter easy to handle, even under time pressure, supporting its potential application in urgent post-cardiac surgery scenarios.