ANOVA statistical analysis was used to compare means of the caller goals with a statistical significance of p<0.05. I found no evidence that the sex or age class of callers was associated with a specific caller goal type, (1.63(3,16) = F-value, p<0.22) this demonstrates that group members across the range of sex and age class participated in caller goal types. Conversely, there was substantial evidence that adult males are usually the recipients, participants, or instigators in caller events, (3.09(3,16)=F-value, p<0.05. Of the 13 events of solicit support, 76% of the callers were subadult males and 61% of the instigators were adult males. Of the 40 events of social cohesion 50% of the callers were adult males and 45% of the participants were adult males. Of the 41 appeasement events there was no difference in caller demographics; however, 91% of them were directed to males.

Solicit Support

• Subadult males were mostly to produce solicit support call types

• They received higher volumes of antagonistic interactions from adult males

• This could be a consequence of lack of protection from their mother, lack of allies with other subadult males, and that they are still developing in size and status

Social Cohesion

• Social cohesion participation was skewed towards adult males

• Majority of social cohesion events were pant hoots

  • Adult males have been documented as the primary participants in pant hoots

• Participation in other Hoo variants could have created a more equal distribution across age and sex class

Appeasement

• Appeasement callers were equally distributed across age and sex class groups

• importance of forming and maintaining coalitions, bonds, and allies with other adult males

• The majority of appeasement events were directed to adult males

• One male received 38% of all appeasement grunts

  • This makes him a strong candidate for the alpha position

Camera trap technology is an innovative method to non-invasively observe chimpanzee vocalizations and was successfully used in this study to observe chimpanzee caller goals. However, the sample size for this study was limited (n=108) and this inhibited the types of statistical analysis possible. One of the limitations of camera trap technology is that the observation is limited to what can be observed within the frame. A frequent example of this is when an individual would be near the frame, but not within the line of vision to make an observation. Another limitation was the complexity of the videos; many videos contained multiple call types, chimpanzee gestures, and other chimpanzee social interactions. These are expressed in a cascade of events that occur simultaneously.