Literacy skills, the ability to communicate effectively orally or through print and digital media, are critical for success in the 21st Century. To do so, children and youth must develop rich language skills in the academic register (or style) of the official language of instruction, regardless of the language or dialect they speak at home or whether they have learning disabilities. Penelope Collins' research seeks to understand how to best support students in developing the literacy and language skills needed for school success. Her research follows three primary lines of inquiry: