Introduction

Background & Rational

Figure 3. Photo showing empty smokehouse with nets in Stevens Village, Alaska (Howard, N. 2021)

The Arctic, a region characterized by its extreme cold and icy landscapes, is undergoing a profound transformation. Over the past century, air temperatures in this remote expanse have surged by more than 2 degrees Celsius, a rate of warming that significantly outpaces the global average of 0.8 degrees Celsius during the same period (Post et al. 2019). Recently there has been an escalation in Arctic warming, with 0.75 degrees Celsius of the total 2-degree increase occurring in the span of a decade (Post et al. 2019). This temperature ascent has not gone unnoticed on a global scale, as the five warmest years on record worldwide have all materialized since 2015 (NOAA and NASA, 2020). Meanwhile, the repercussions of this warming are evident in Alaska, where four of the five warmest years have transpired since 2014 (Post et. al 2019).

While the impacts of this climatic shift on Arctic specialist species have been widely anticipated and meticulously documented (as reviewed in Post et al., 2019), there exists a less apparent but equally significant concern. The temperature climb at high latitudes could usher in adverse consequences for fish and wildlife species of the Northern Hemisphere that communities depend on for subsistence. It is in this context that harvest trends for 5 salmon species in the Yukon River drainage emerge as a subject of investigation. 

Recently there have been significant  concerns brought up by Indigenous Peoples about salmon subsistence fishing rights in Alaska (Rosen, 2023). Salmon populations have experienced a crash in recent years, and it is thought that warming temperatures may be contributing to the declines (NOAA, 2022). This is a significant problem for northern communities who rely on salmon not only for food, but for cultural continuity (Rosen, 2023).  When addressing the subsistence harvest issues at the Alaska Federation of Natives convention in 2023, Curt Chamberlain (attorney) said, "We ask that [the government] act quickly to stop the physical and cultural starvation of our people.” 

Research Objectives

The objective of this study was to see if there was an observable direct negative correlation between  warming Arctic temperatures and subsistence salmon harvests for northern communities. Subsistence harvesting is defined by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game as direct-use, non-commercial harvest that supports traditional ways of life (ADFG, n.d.). Salmon is especially important for rural Indigenous Peoples in Alaska as it is a food staple (NOAA Fisheries, 2019) and connection to culture (ANWA, n.d.). By better understanding the impacts of changing climate on these communities, we hope to provide useful information that can help guide management decisions for salmon fisheries and communicate impacts (food, cultural, and economic security, among other challenges) these communities face to federal and state government. 

Figure 4. Preparing caught salmon for drying (Unknown Author, n.d.)