Figure 1
Girton College was part of a laboratory revolution that took place during 1880-1914. There was an external fear that England was lacking in technological development compared to Germany, which further pushed the expansion of laboratories on campuses in England. At the same time, it was deemed appropriate to include time spent in physical and chemical laboratories as a key part of a woman’s education (Jones 2009). However, despite these advancements in inclusion, there remained marginalization. Regardless of some opportunities presenting themselves to allow women in the lab, very few chose to do so. The underlying reason remained largely due to feeling unwelcome in this particular space.
Laboratory culture in the 19th and 20th exemplified heroic and manly feats of exploration where ‘personal courage’ and iron nerve were used as instruments. As such, women were discouraged from entering and conducting research in labs, and encouraged to remain within a more subordinate sphere of domestication (Jones 2009).
Figure 2
Highlighting the divide between masculine and feminine environments.
Labs that existed on female-only campuses such as Girton College were frequently not taken as seriously, compared to their co-ed counterparts. Their primary focus was mostly teaching and not as much on research. Women had less opportunity to conduct pioneering research compared to men, especially in the physical sciences (Jones 2009). Parallel science clubs and associations had to be created, as women were not welcome to join and collaborate on main campuses.
As a result, women posed little threat to the labs found in larger institutions like Cambridge. Women were also underprepared when performing research on the main campuses such as Cambridge, as at times they received "lectures for ladies" from the female-only colleges that provided less extensive knowledge and instruction (McMurran and Tattersall 2017). When women were able to prove important experimental results that they had produced, such as potentially in the case of Mary Lyon, they were often praised, but not to the same extent as male researchers who were described as having “rare power and skill” (Jones 2009). It did not matter how successful a woman was in the lab, it was expected that she did not promote this image at all.
Later on, closer to the mid-20th century Girton College was beginning to gain more of the reputation of providing quality education for women after countless protests and riots. Female students from Girton College were able to prove their capabilities through writing and excelling on the same exams male students were taking in Cambridge (Jones 2009). However, women were still denied full degrees and received titular titles instead.
Figure 3.
Men attended practical labs at a 20:1 ratio compared to women.
Labs kept instilling a sense of masculine power by encouraging unsafe/dangerous work practices in some cases creating harsh physical environments, especially in the 19th century. The researcher had to remain stoic and objective at all times. Women were sometimes considered to be too emotionally unstable, and not fit to be exposed to danger that could cause loss of fertility such as in the lab (Jones 2009). Women were believed by some to not possess the intelligence to design, replicate and interpret experiments.
As a consequence, many people simply did not trust female science and considered it to be unreliable.
Jones CG. 2009. Femininity, mathematics and science, 1880-1914. Gewerbestrasse (CH): Springer. The laboratory: A suitable place for a woman? Women, masculinity and laboratory culture; [accessed 2023 5 November]. p. 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246652
McMurran SL, Tattersall JJ. 2017. Fostering academic and mathematical excellence at Girton College 1870–1940. In: Beery, J., Greenwald, S., Jensen-Vallin, J., Mast, M., editors. Women in mathematics, vol.10. Gewerbestrasse (CH): Springer; [accessed 2023 5 November]. p. 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66694-5_1