After many years working with favism, sickle cell anemia, and somatic cell mutations in marginalized populations, James E. Bowman had accumulated a wealth of experience in the field of genetics, particularly concerning the intersection with race. His extensive background translated into his writings on eugenics. In his work he spoke out against such practices that were present in modern times that facilitated eugenic principles (Bowman 1977). Specifically, he expressed concern about public screening programs that disproportionately targeted minority groups, often without consent. Bowman argued that genetic public screening programs did more harm than good, fostering overt discrimination by employers and insurance companies against those identified with genetic diseases. Bowman reviewed various practices and policies facilitating eugenics, such as welfare policies, sterilization, and marriage restrictions (Bowman 1977). 

He presents the idea that coercion, historically and in his time, had been used to prevent the birth of children deemed "imperfect." In 1977, with the publication of his paper "The Road to Eugenics," Bowman coined the terms "passive" and "active" eugenics. This terminology offered an alternative perspective on eugenics, highlighting its presence in both overt and subtly discriminatory practices and policies. Through his work, Bowman illustrated the classist and racist inequalities within the healthcare system, manifesting as inadequate or absent healthcare for marginalized populations (Bowman 1977). His contributions emphasized the complex interplay between genetics, social policies, and discrimination, formulating a deeper understanding of the ethical implications surrounding eugenics (Bowman 1977).