Revision test - Reference JacPlus online

1. A hockey player collides heavily with an opponent and breaks her wrist. What type of injury is this?

(A) Direct injury to hard tissue

(B) Indirect injury to hard tissue

(C) Overuse injury to soft tissue

(D) Direct injury to soft tissue

2. What is the most appropriate treatment for a skin abrasion?

(A) Immediate bandaging of the wound

(B) Immobilisation and use of an ice pack

(C) Gentle cleansing and sterilisation of the wound

(D) No treatment

3. What does RICER stand for?

(A) Rest, immobilise, compression, elevation, referral

(B) Respond, ice, compression, elevation, review

(C) Rest, ice, compression, emergency, referral

(D) Rest, ice, compression, elevation, referral

4. What are the main steps in the TOTAPS regime?

(A) Touch, observe, talk, active movement, passive movement, safety test

(B) Talk, observe, touch, active movement, passive movement, skills test

(C) Talk, observe, treat, active movement, passive movement, skills test

(D) Treat, observe, touch, active movement, play, safety test

5. What type of injury is a stress fracture?

(A) Direct injury

(B) Overuse injury

(C) Psychological injury

(D) A contusio

6. The mechanisms for losing heat from the body are:

(A) Direct application of cold water.

(B) Convection, radiation, conduction and evaporation.

(C) Metabolism and exercise.

(D) Seeking shade.

7. Soft tissue injuries are those that occur in muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, blood vessels, organs and nerves. True or false?

8. Ice should not be applied to cuts and badly damaged skin. True or false?

9. Anorexia is caused by iron deficiency. True or false?

10. People who have not been active for a period of time should begin with low-level aerobic exercise such as walking, cycling, jogging and swimming. True or false?

11. Pre-screening before starting a training program is especially important for males over 40 years of age and females over 50 years of age. True or false?

12. People who suffer from asthma should be discouraged from undertaking all forms of exercise. True or false?

13. The stages through which a soft tissue injury progresses as part of the healing process are inflammatory stage; repair and regenerative stage; remodelling stage. True or false?

14. Hypothermia is excessively high body temperature that is usually experienced in hot, humid conditions in which evaporation is unable to take place and hyperthermia is a condition characterised by body heat loss that far exceeds body heat gain, resulting in subnormal body temperature. True or false?

15. If an athlete loses 10 per cent loss of water from the body he or she would experience a breakdown in coordination, with movements becoming difficult. True or false?

Suggested Answers below: Reference JacPlus Online

1. Explain the difference between direct and indirect injuries. (H8) (2 marks)

Direct injuries are caused by an external force applied to the body, such as a collision with a person or object (e.g. being hit by a cricket ball).

Indirect injuries are caused by an intrinsic force, that is, a force within the body (e.g. tearing a hamstring).

2. Explain the difference between a sprain and a strain. (H8) (2 marks)

A sprain arises from the stretching or tearing of a ligament, whereas a strain occurs when a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn.

3. Describe how the inflammatory response would function if a person incurred a contusion. (H8) (3 marks)

A contusion is a soft tissue injury caused by a sudden blow to the body, resulting in a bruise. The inflammatory response is a self-healing process and may last up to three or four days depending on the extent of the injury. The contusion will progress through three phases of healing including the inflammatory stage, which may result in pain, redness and swelling around the injured area, the repair and regenerative stage, which results in the formation of new fibres, and the remodelling stage, which results in replacement tissue that needs to strengthen and develop in the direction that the force is applied.

4. Complete the following table summarising common forms of skin trauma. (H13) (3 marks)

-Skin trauma

-Definition

-Treatment

Abrasions

Abrasions occur in games such as netball, where a player may fall on a hard, dry surface. The injury may cause pain and shallow bleeding as a result of the skin being scraped. The skinned area may be embedded with dirt and foreign materials.

Treatment requires gentle cleansing and sterilisation of the wound to prevent infection.

Lacerations

Lacerations are wounds where the flesh has incurred an irregular tear.

Treatment requires the wound to be thoroughly cleansed with antiseptic soap, dried and covered with a sterile gauze pad. Pressure may need to be applied to prevent bleeding. Lacerations longer than 1 centimetre need to be referred to a doctor. Mouth lacerations require a thorough inspection to ensure there is no further damage, such as dislodged teeth.

Blisters

Blisters are caused by a collection of fluid below or within the epidermal (surface layer) of the skin, giving rise to intense pain. Blisters can contain clear liquid or even blood if a blood vessel has been ruptured.

Treatment requires rest for 24 hours, after which the symptoms may disappear. However, if the fluid in the blister is still present and causing concern, it may need to be surgically released and a donut pad applied. In the case of torn blisters or where the skin has been worn away, injury management requires the area be washed with soap and warm water, and liquid antiseptic be applied. The area should be dried and antibiotic ointment applied. Use of ‘second skin’ dressing will aid in the healing process.

5. Outline the advantages of rest, ice, compression, elevation and referral in assisting recovery from soft tissue injury. (H8) (2 marks)

The use of rest, ice, compression, elevation and referral (RICER) is important in assisting recovery from soft tissue injuries. When it is properly used, the RICER method ensures that the injury heals correctly and in the shortest period of time. If RICER is not used, the injury takes longer to heal.

Some of the key advantages of the RICER method include:

· rest to reduce bleeding and prevent further injury

· ice to reduce pain and swelling

· compression and elevation to decrease bleeding and swelling

· referral, which is needed to understand the nature and extent of the injury.

6. Explain the difference between soft tissue and hard tissue injuries. Using an example from both, discuss how each is managed. (H8) (3 marks)

Soft tissue injuries are caused to tissue in the body, rather than bones and teeth. Examples of soft tissue injuries include sprains, strains, contusions, skin abrasions, lacerations and blisters. Management of soft tissue injuries differs slightly depending on the type of injury, however, all soft tissue injuries require application of at least some elements of the RICER method.

Hard tissue injuries are to bones and teeth. The two most common hard tissue injuries are fractures and dislocations. Management of hard tissue injuries differs depending on the type of injury. For example, fractures are managed using DRSABCD, controlling any bleeding, treating shock, using a splint and bandage to immobilise the area, and seeking immediate medical assistance to determine the extent and severity of the injury.

7. Outline the signs and symptoms you would need to be aware of when diagnosing a suspected simple fracture. (H16) (2 marks)

Most suspected fracture injuries require medical attention. Generally, the signs and symptoms to be aware of include pain, obvious deformity at the injured site, uncontrolled bleeding and when the casualty is unable to complete the TOTAPS regime (e.g. when the casualty is unable to move the injury through the full range of motion).

8. Explain the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation. (H8) (2 marks)

A dislocation is the displacement of a bone at a joint. Dislocations cause pain and are apparent because of the deformity they cause. A subluxation is a partial dislocation where the bone ‘pops out’ and ‘pops in’ at the joint.

9. Explain how the TOTAPS regime would be used in the assessment of a player whose ankle rolled outwards (suspected sprain) during a game of touch football. (H16) (4 marks)

The TOTAPS regime is used to assess the extent of an injury to a player and determine whether or not the injured player can return to the field. The steps of TOTAPS are talk, observe, touch, active movement, passive movement and skills test. The assessment of a player whose ankle rolled outwards during a game of touch football would include the following steps.

· Talk: talking to the player to determine what happened.

· Observe: looking at the ankle to see obvious signs of swelling or deformity.

· Touch: gently touching the ankle to feel for any signs of deformity, swelling and pain.

· Active movement: asking the player to perform a range of joint movements such as flexion, extension and rotation.

· Passive movement: the assessor physically mobilises the ankle using a range of movements such as flexion to identify painful areas and range of motion.

· Skills test: the player is asked to perform a skill that is required during the game, for example running and kicking a touch football.

10. Discuss three specific medical conditions that relate to children. Outline how each can be managed to promote safety and well-being in sport. (H8) (6 marks)

Children and young athletes have special needs of which sports medicine practitioners need to be aware. Some of the more important issues concern treatment of asthma, diabetes and epilepsy.

Asthma is a condition characterised by difficulty breathing and a reduction in the width of the airways leading to the lungs, resulting in less air being available to them. Some management strategies include using a gradual warm-up before exercise and concluding with a leisurely warm-down, ensuring that exercise intensity is steady, ensuring medication is available and used before exercise if required, and consuming adequate water.

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Exercise is of considerable assistance in managing diabetes. The athlete must balance insulin by way of injection, food intake and exercise. A well-balanced diet with complex carbohydrates is important to ensure glucose levels stay at an optimal level for exercise. Because exercise increases the utilisation of sugar, diabetics require a pre-game meal to raise blood sugar levels and hourly glucose supplementation (for example, a banana) if exercise is protracted.

Epilepsy is a disruption to brain function, causing a brief alteration to the level of consciousness and resulting in seizures. The circumstances of each individual should be assessed and guided by a doctor. If seizures occur on a daily or weekly basis, collision sports should be avoided. If seizures are controlled through medication, epilepsy should not prevent participation in a wide range of sporting activities. Players, parents or supervisors should be present and know what to do if a seizure occurs. Some activities, such as swimming alone, should be avoided.

11. Outline the nature of overuse injuries. (H8) (1 mark)

Overuse injuries are caused by the overuse of specific body regions, for example the shoulder and elbow, over long periods of time.

12. Discuss the appropriateness of resistance training for young children. (H13) (3 marks)

Most literature supports the use of a safe program incorporating low resistance with high repetitions through the full range of motion. A strength training program must be an integral part of an overall program designed to improve skill and fitness, however, it should not be competitive. It is important that strength specialisation (for example, focusing on power or absolute strength) be avoided, as this can lead to imbalances between muscle groups and contribute to injury. Overall, there is considerable benefit from well-supervised programs and little risk of injury if guidelines are followed.

13. Provide advice about the sports participation options available for aged athletes with heart conditions. (H17) (3 marks)

The sports participation options for aged athletes with heart conditions include aerobic exercise such as walking, cycling, jogging and swimming. These activities present the best option for individuals who have not been active for a period of time. The key principles suggest that exercise must be aerobic, progress must be gradual and the activity needs to be of a moderate intensity.

Individuals with heart conditions can also benefit from modified strength training programs. To be safe, light loads must be used and the program must include the major muscle groups. Heavy weights and pure isometrics are not recommended, as they can raise blood pressure to dangerous levels which would be unsafe for individuals with heart conditions.

14. Discuss how eating disorders and iron deficiency would each impact on the well-being of a female athlete. Suggest strategies to address each problem. (H17) (5 marks)

Eating disorders affect more than half of all athletes who compete in events where low body fat and an idealised body shape and size are expected. Female athletes in particular find themselves pressured to conform to an ideal body size and weight. Athletes in sports such as gymnastics, synchronised swimming, diving and dance find themselves under significant pressure and even incur serious emotional damage. Strategies to address eating disorders include expecting athletes to do their best and not focus solely on winning, being better educated to detect signs of eating disorders, and using nutrition experts and counsellors to program and advise in these areas. In addition, observation of training routines and social practices such as eating should be monitored and action taken when suspicious eating behaviours are disguised or turn into an obsession.

Iron deficiency can cause a decrease in red blood cells, limiting the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and resulting in fatigue and loss of energy. Iron levels should be monitored constantly and increased when required. Supplementation of iron benefits individuals whose intake is below recommended levels; but is no benefit to those whose intake is satisfactory and obtained from a balanced diet.

15. Explain why pre-screening is an important preventative action in the physical preparation of athletes. (H8) (2 marks)

Pre-screening is important before beginning a training program for subjects at risk of medical issues. It is especially important for males over 40 years of age, females over 50 years of age, asthmatics, and people who smoke, are obese, have high blood pressure or have a family history of heart disease.

Pre-screening is important for identifying whether the individual needs medical clearance, because it highlights any predisposing factors that may lead to injury, assess injuries or medical conditions that may impact on exercise participation, and determines what exercise programs are suitable for the individual to ensure safe participation.

16. Discuss how warm-up, stretching and cool-down assist in prevention of sports injury. (H17) (5 marks)

Warm-up, stretching and cool-down are important in preventing sports injuries.

Warm-ups cause redistribution of blood flow. Activity through warm-up causes blood to be drawn to the skeletal muscles where oxygen and nutrients are needed by the cells to enable muscle contraction. Higher muscle temperatures as a result of warm-up activities increase the ability of the muscle to stretch without tearing.

Stretching enables muscles to be stretched beyond the range required of them in sport prior to the performance. This is achieved by a safe stretching program using types of stretches such as static and PNF.

Cool-down is the period following competition or physical activity where body temperature, circulation and respiratory rates return to their pre-exercise state (or as close to this state as possible). The cool-down is essential to maintain the stretch in muscle groups that may have been shortened during activity, disperse lactic acid and prevent blood pooling. A cool-down is important for the prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) as a result of sustained activity.

17. Provide examples of how rules and equipment can be used to promote safe participation. (H8) (2 marks)

Rules assist the flow of play and protect participants from injury. Rules are enforced on the field by the referee or umpire and promote safety within the game. For example, in collision sports, such as rugby league, there is significant potential for injury and as a result there are codes stating what constitutes dangerous activity and a range of penalties to punish the offence.

Protective equipment is essential for players in most team sports. Many sports make provision for the use of protective equipment. A cricket helmet is an example of protective equipment: when the ball is bowled at high speed, the helmet is designed to protect the batsman from injury by a high-rising ball.

18. Select a sports policy. Analyse it to determine the degree to which it promotes safe participation. (H8, H13) (6 marks)

The concussion in sports policy is applied to sports such as rugby league and rugby union and assists in the safe participation of athletes. Due to the nature of rugby, there are many tackles, scrums and sometimes head-high tackles that occur, which may result in concussion of players.

Concussion in contact sports is treated extremely seriously these days, and part of the treatment involves various tests that happen immediately after a head knock. Some of the treatment that first occurs involves a trainer assessing the player on the field for signs and symptoms of concussion, such as loss of consciousness, dizziness, unsteadiness on the feet or memory loss. If any of these are evident, the player must be removed immediately from the field.

After leaving the field, a doctor should see the patient to further assess the extent of the head injury. A neck examination may also be conducted as damage to the spine may have occurred.

The concussion in sports policy is important and a player should not return to play after sustaining a head injury until they have received medical clearance. This is due to the fact that head injuries can often lead to serious conditions such as blood clots or haemorrhages, which can be life threatening, as well as spinal damage. This policy ensures that the player’s safety is promoted over the desire to return the player to the game and sustaining further injury or illness as a consequence.

19. Investigate the degree to which protective equipment is used in your favourite sport. Discuss the barriers that exist that prevent full and proper use of protective equipment. Suggest interventions that will enhance safety. (H17) (5 marks)

Protective equipment is essential for players in most team sports. Many sports make provision for the use of protective equipment. Cricket is a sport where protective equipment is essential for player safety. Bowlers require thigh pads, a chest protector, forearm guards, a helmet, batting gloves, pads and a box; the keeper requires keeping gloves and pads. In cricket where the ball can be bowled at considerable speed, the helmet is designed to protect the batsman from injury by a high-rising ball. The design of the helmet is crucial to the safety of the batsman.

The barriers that may prevent the full and proper use of protective equipment include lack of rule enforcement by coaches and umpires ensuring that all players have protective equipment, poor quality equipment that does not offer the full range of protection, and players who do not want to wear the equipment because they feel it affects performance or causes embarrassment.

Interventions to enhance player safety includes coaches and umpires ensuring that all players are wearing the correct equipment and not permitting players to play without it. In addition, each sport should have clear rules about the use of protective equipment for player safety.

20. Choose a sport or activity. Explain the changes that have been made to enhance the safety of children who play this sport. (H17) (3 marks)

Modifications of rules have been made to many sports to enhance the safety of children playing them. Minkey hockey is an example of a modified sport for children. Some of the changes that have been made include playing on a smaller field, reducing the time of the game to 15 minutes for each half with a 5 minute interval break, because children get fatigued faster than adolescents, reducing the size of the goals, having fewer players on the field, using smaller, lighter hockey sticks to avoid injuries as children may accidently hit other players and cause injury, and the use of larger ball to provide a larger target for children who may find the smaller hockey ball difficult to hit.

21. Investigate the role of temperature regulation in enhancing safe participation in physical activity on hot days. (H16) (5 marks)

The hypothalamus, which is located in the brain, is the body’s thermostat. It reacts when the body’s temperature goes above or below its ‘set point’ of 37 degrees Celsius. The body has four mechanisms for losing heat: convection, radiation, conduction and evaporation. When the athlete participates in physical activity on hot days, the body uses the four mechanisms to cool down and promote heat loss, which enhances safe participation.

A runner will lose heat to the surrounding air as they move through it. This is referred to as convection. Radiation causes a considerable amount of heat to be lost into the atmosphere as the body moves through it. Conduction accounts for only a small amount of heat loss — a player loses heat through the conduction of heat from the body to an object (e.g. a tennis player will lose heat to the playing surface through their feet). Evaporation is the most significant form of heat loss, especially during endurance events and particularly if the environmental temperature is high, because the athlete will lose heat by sweating. Up to 80 per cent of heat can be lost through sweating.

This shows that the four mechanisms of thermoregulation assist in enhancing safe participation in physical activity on hot days.

22. Discuss the impact of climatic conditions on safe participation in sport. (6 marks)

The effect of climatic conditions, including temperature, humidity, wind, rain, altitude and pollution, need to be understood because they have an impact on the safe participation of athletes in sport.

· Performance in comfortable environmental temperatures usually don’t present a problem for athletes, as regular fluid intake is sufficient to avoid heat stress. However, extreme temperatures, namely excessive heat or cold, require specific performance strategies to avoid hyperthermia and hypothermia.

· Humidity limits the body’s ability to dissipate heat. Humidity prevents evaporation so exercise in times of high temperature and humidity is to be avoided because it places athletes at risk of hyperthermia.

· Wind is also a factor in heat loss. Wind chill can occur due to the combined effect of convection and conduction. Athletes should ensure they wear protective clothing to protect them from the effects of wind chill.

· Rain may adversely affect safety due to the effect it has on visibility. This is particularly important in events such as cycling, where rain can contribute to accidents.

· Altitude may also impact safe participation. As altitude increases, an athlete’s ability to perform in endurance-type events becomes increasingly difficult. Solar radiation is also stronger at higher altitudes and athletes need to ensure they use sun protection strategies.

· Pollution can impact safe participation, particularly for athletes with asthma and cardiorespiratory problems. Pollution increases airway resistance, causing irritation to the upper respiratory tract and reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.

23. Evaluate the role of acclimatisation in preparing athletes for competition in different environments. (H8, H17) (6 marks)

Acclimatisation is a training technique in which an athlete experiences different climatic stressors, causing physiological adaptations to occur. Acclimatisation plays a significant role in preparing athletes for competition and improving performance in different environments.

Acclimatisation is about developing tolerance to expected performance conditions such as heat, cold, humidity, wind and altitude. It is enhanced through exposure and training in the environment or a prefabricated environment providing a similar effect.

Generally, acclimatisation to heat and humidity takes about five to seven days, whereas altitude acclimatisation may take two to three weeks depending on elevation differences.

Altitude acclimatisation has a significant impact in preparing athletes for competition. For example, when training at higher altitudes, there is less oxygen to be inhaled than at sea level. This causes a variety of physiological responses such as increased heart and respiratory rates to increase the amount of oxygen taken in and circulated around the body. More red blood cells are created, thereby increasing the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. The increase in haemoglobin causes the red blood cells to be more efficient in carrying oxygen around the body to working muscles.

As a result of training in these conditions, the body begins to acclimatise to the higher altitude and, when the athlete returns to sea level, they are able to use less oxygen to do the same amount of work. This then results in an increase in performance, particularly for endurance events.

24. Explain the role of taping in the prevention of injury. (H13) (3 marks)

Taping refers to the application of adhesive or non-adhesive strapping or bandages to a joint area to protect, support and strengthen the joint during movement. Sports that require agility, speed, power and strength can place considerable stress on the joints. For example, basketball and netball demand explosive movements and frequent changes in direction, so the joints periodically sustain high levels of stress. Under these circumstances there is considerable potential for injury and taping can assist in the prevention of injury. An example of preventative taping is when taping is used on the ankle to prevent an inversion sprain, which is the most common form of ankle injury. Taping of the ankle allows for plantar and dorsiflexion, yet restricts inversion and eversion, which can result in sprained ankles and cause injury to the athlete.

25. Investigate current theories on the use of heat in injury management. Briefly outline your findings. (H16) (5 marks)

When to use heat on injuries has always been controversial. Heat is not generally used for two or three days after injury, depending on the injury type and the extent of damage. Heat should not be applied to new injuries as heat will increase swelling and bleeding at the injured area. When internal bleeding has stopped (about 48 hours after the injury), heat may be used to increase elasticity to the new fibres, reduce pain, reduce stiffness, increase blood flow and reduce inflammation. Generally, heat should be used on aching muscles to promote blood flow and the repair of muscle tissue and fibres. Heat can also ease stiffness by making the tissue more supple.

26. Explain the benefits of stretching and strengthening as part of a muscle rehabilitation plan. (H8) (3 marks)

Stretching is important to ensure that the muscle groups have been extended in a safe environment beyond what will be demanded of them in competition. Stretching also progressively increases the range of movement and promotes the lengthening of muscles (scar tissue due to injury shortens muscles, which could easily tear again). Stretching also improves muscle elasticity and increases flexibility, which is important in protecting against re-injury.

Strengthening progressively increases muscle length and strength, which is important as the muscle will be weaker as a result of the injury sustained. Strengthening the muscles through resistance exercise strengthens new tissue, allowing it to support the body in stressful movements.

27. Outline the indicators of readiness for return to play following injury. (H17) (2 marks)

The indicators of readiness for return to play following injury include elasticity, strength, and mobility, balance and lack of pain. The athlete should have regained full movement, particularly in terms of agility. In addition, the athlete should be pain free during both light exercise and strenuous work, and the athlete should also be able to balance their body on the injured limb. Until this function is achieved, the rehabilitation process is not complete and the athlete should not return to play.

28. Discuss the problems that might be caused by playing with injury. (H17) (5 marks)

Injured athletes should not return to play until their injury has completely healed. Even then, specific procedures need to be followed and precaution taken to ensure the injury does not recur. In the case of head injuries such as concussion, a medical clearance is essential.

Playing with an injury may result in the injury worsening and then further time off from playing. For example, a small muscle tear that may have healed quickly can grow into a more serious, painful muscle tear or a complete tear that will take longer to heal. In addition, playing when injured can cause the athlete to favour the side of the body that isn’t injured and can result in more stress on this area. For example, if the athlete’s right leg is injured, they may place more weight on the left leg.

29. Discuss the ethics of using painkillers to enable a person to participate in sport. (H17) (6 marks)

The use of painkillers to enable athletes to play important sporting matches is, unfortunately, a reality in many sporting competitions. Even when injuries have not fully healed, some athletes choose to take painkillers to allow them to play.

Choices about the use of painkillers affect elite sportspeople. Key players in football matches and grand finals have often been cited as using painkillers to ‘get through the match’. The decision usually rests with the individual in consultation with the team doctor, trainer and coach. But ultimately, it is the player whose future is at risk. A major factor in the growing use of painkillers, in football for example, is the pressure on team doctors to get injured players back on the field quickly. Using painkillers can quite often mask the pain associated with the injury. Medication can even mask the pain of head injuries, leading players to play on and suffer concussions as a result.

In addition, there is quite often a pressure from teammates and coaches to participate in sporting events. Some players feel the need to get back on the field quickly for financial reasons. Providing painkillers to injured athletes may result in further injuries, which may impact performance for a long time.

30. Choose a sport. Describe a physical test that could be used to indicate readiness to return to play. (H13) (3 marks)

To indicate readiness to return to play, a physical test should be performed and ideally compared to a test before injury to determine readiness of the injured limb or joint for play. For example, in soccer agility is important — if an athlete injured their ankle, a physical test that could be used is the Illinois agility test. In this test, the athlete needs to change direction at speed, causing pressure and force to be placed on the ankle. If the athlete can perform this test at speed and without pain, they are ready to return to play.

Topic 11 Extension questions: Answers

Investigate and explain appropriate methods of taping for the following injuries: a dislocated finger, stretched lateral knee ligaments, tennis elbow. (H13) (9 marks)

Taping is often required after an injury has been sustained and may be necessary during the rehabilitation process. Taping may also be required so that the athlete can participate in body conditioning exercises to maintain fitness as much as possible during recuperation.

There are different methods of taping which are appropriate for common injuries such as a dislocated finger, stretched lateral knee ligaments and tennis elbow.

A dislocated finger is a hard tissue injury where the bone has become displaced. Dislocations cause pain and are apparent because of the deformity they cause. Initially, the finger should be rested and ice applied to reduce swelling, then an elastic bandage should be applied. Once swelling has reduced, the finger should be taped to the finger beside it for protection while it heals. Two strips of tape will be applied, one above the injured joint and one below. A thin strip of padding may be applied between the fingers for comfort and protection.

A stretched lateral knee ligament is a sprain and soft tissue injury. Pain, swelling and the inability to perform normal joint movements are evident. RICER should be applied to reduce swelling and protect from further injury. A referral is needed to determine the extent and stage of the injury. Support taping of the lateral ligament help to protect the knee during treatment, rehabilitation and return to play. Two anchors of taping are placed, one above and one below the knee. Two pieces of tape should be applied in an x over the lateral ligament (outside of the knee).

Tennis elbow is a soft tissue injury and develops in response to overuse of the elbow. Ice can be applied to reduce any pain or swelling and a referral may be needed to determine the extent of damage. Taping can be applied to provide protection and comfort to the elbow. Tape should be applied around the bump of the elbow, with another piece of tape running down the forearm stopping at the wrist. Another piece of tape can be applied around the wrist.