Umbra - The darkest part of the shadow cast by the Earth or Moon during a total eclipse
Unbalanced force - forces that are not equal in magnitude or direction. Unbalanced forces cause an object to move.
Unit of Measurement - a name for a standard size or amount you use to describe something
Valence Electrons – electrons that are located in the outermost energy level of an atom.
Vaporization - A physical change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
Variation - differences within members of the same species, like different color fur or longer necks.
Vegetative Propogation - a type of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants develop from vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves, rather than seeds or spores, resulting in genetically identical offspring.
Velocity - speed and direction of a moving object
Volume - volume is the measure of the space inside a three-dimensional object, often measured in cubic units like cubic centimeters or liters