Elements of dynamics to be learned:
standard symbols for soft (e.g., piano – p) and loud (e.g., forte – f)
invented symbols for soft and loud
articulation and expression marks encountered in music listened to, sung, and played (e.g., staccato, legato, signs for crescendo and decrescendo)
Elements of timbre to be learned:
classification of instruments by means of sound production (e.g., sounds produced by strumming, striking, shaking, blowing)