Introduction:
When you hear the word “volcano” you probably think of a giant cone shaped mountain. Volcanoes are actually one of the most dangerous natural hazards in the world. But volcanoes come in many different shapes and sizes. Some are steep-sided and some are long cracks, some volcano carters are large and wider than they are high. That's why we are here to tell our thesis for the fertile question. A diversion tunnel is implemented to mitigate the negative effect of volcanic eruptions.
P1 What are Volcanos:
Volcanoes are a geological effect of an opening surface of the earth, Also known as one of the dangerous natural hazards in the world. A volcano crater is bowl-shaped, opening at earth's surface. When a volcano erupts, materials spill out of the crater. The conduit or pipe, is a long, narrow tube that carries magma up to the crater. At the base of the vent is a magma, a reservoir where fiery-hot gasses and molten magma collect before eruption. Sometimes the conduit doesn’t usually carry magma up to the crater which most of the time are ashes and toxic gasses that are extremely dangerous, usually the magma from the chamber goes out in the parasitic cone which is the little holes on the side which also causes lava flow. Volcanoes are the ones who created the ground we are standing in right now.
P2 What causes Volcanoes to form
Volcanoes are eruptions or openings in the Earth's crust that spew ash, gasses, steam, and lava, a hot liquid rock. The lava cools and hardens into the cone-shaped mountain that we know as a volcano. The majority of the world's volcanoes are found on land and in the oceans along the borders of the tectonic plates.
Volcanoes form on land when one tectonic plate slides beneath another. A thin, heavy oceanic plate usually goes beneath a thicker continental plate. The ocean plate sinks into the mantle as a result of this.
Beyond the city, Mt. Rainier is snowcapped.
Mount Rainier in Washington is classified as "active." Active volcanoes erupt lately, dormant volcanoes erupt in the future, and extinct volcanoes do not erupt. expected to erupt again).
Water trapped in the rocks in this plate gets squeezed out. This causes some of the rocks to melt. The melted rock, or magma, is lighter than the surrounding rock and rises up. This magma collects in magma chambers, but it is still Km below the surface.
When enough magma builds up in the magma chamber, it forces its way up to the surface and erupts, often causing volcanic eruptions.
In the ocean, volcanoes erupt along cracks that are opened in the ocean floor by the spreading of two plates called a mid-ocean ridge . Magma from Earth's upper mantle rises up to fill these cracks. As the lava cools, it forms a new crust on the edges of the cracks. These mid-ocean Ridges are actually lengthy chains of underwater volcanoes that, like the seams of a baseball, circle the planet.
P3 History of Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the oldest things on our planet as they created what we are standing on today. That's right Volcanoes have been around for over 4 billion years with the oldest. And the oldest active volcano being Mt. Etna is 3,500 years old and has erupted 190 times. The oldest dormant volcano, the Fagradals Mountain volcano in southwest Iceland, had been dormant for 6,000 years. But when thinking about volcanos I believe that your mind would go straight to Mt. Vesuvius in Italy when it erupted in 79 A.D and destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum with an estimated 1,500 - 3,500 deaths and even potentially 16,000 deaths from surrounding cities and lung pollution. The eruption is best described as something biblical with art looking like hell coming through the volcano to the surface. The ash on the city was so thick it buried the city and no one knew it was there until they dug it up and found preserved human bodies, food, animals, and architecture in 1709 and the excavation begun in 1738 by domenico fontana an italian architect. But forgetting about pompeii volcanoes have been around for longer than anything you could know with as I stated at the beginning of the paragraph they created what we stand on and will continue to create and destroy as it is all part of life.
P4 Different effects of volcanoes/ types of volcanoes
When you think of volcanoes you most likely think of a massive lava surge flying in the air decimating the surrounding area with ava everywhere. But that is not necessarily true as there are many types of volcanoes and I will go through them.
Firstly there are the volcanoes that flow lava consistently and don't make a large explosion. These types of volcanoes are most commonly found on the volcanoes of hawaii with the lava creeping up slowly but can not be stopped with the lava harding over roads, houses and many other things. Some of the lava goes off to the side into the water creating more land as the volcano lava hardens as it touches the hot lava so as it destroys land it also creates more land.
This second type of volcano is called a Strombolian eruption which contains short explosive burst by bombing sound this is caused by bursting gas bubbles that have popped releasing the sound. These Strombolian eruptions can reach up to 100m tall lava spouts causing spectacular shows of bright light. These eruptions are interesting as they can continue for several centuries consistently.
Thirdly, the Vulcanian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. They usually commence with phreatomagmatic eruptions which can be extremely noisy due to the rising magma heating water in the ground.
Fourth , Plinian eruptions are extremely explosive eruptions, producing ash columns that extend many tens of miles into the stratosphere and that spread out into an umbrella shape. These large eruptions produce widespread deposits of fallout ash. Eruption columns may also collapse due to density to form thick pyroclastic flows.
Some examples of these are Mount Vesuvius in 79 Ad and the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in Luzon in the Philippines. These eruptions can have long lasting effects as it can cause lung disease from all the pyroclastic flows that can get in to your lungs
And last but not least an underwater volcano a quiet overlooked type of volcano that is very fascinating is there is literal underwater lava that flows. Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth
P5 Expert interview
Our expert was Adrian from Waikato university. We asked some questions and he answered and explained it clearly. He is involved with GNS which is a company that monitors all the volcanoes and has already monitored it. He was also able to work with other volcanolist around New zealand and also get to travel around the world to discover and study the craters of the volcanoes. As he also mention one of the mitigation is providing warnings and monitoring, so sending a messageto the citizen and the authorities so they need to know if they need to evacuate or not. The second mitigation that our expert told us is plan where you going to build a house,farm, and a town. Third mitigation is were they divert the lava flow to the valley so it wouldn’t go into houses, and town.
P6 What should be done to mitigate volcanoes
As we talked about it in our introduction one of our Louie's and I thesis is the diversion tunnels for lava flows. It will be made out of concrete since lava is not hot enough to go through it. It will also be cheap for a bag of 25 kg of cement needed to 200 meters long which approximately will be 8 bags of cement and also it will cost approximately $1,560 nzd.
For the pyroclastic eruptions there is no way to stop the glasses but you can leave as soon as possible. One way to be safe is to have a government alert system similar to earthquake and tsunami warning. This will make it so you can get to the safest closest city or town and become safe.