Primary
Associated Press. "Reagan Signs Drinking Age into Law." Lewiston Morning Tribune, 18 July 1984, news.google.com/newspapers?id=uYNfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zjAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3239%2C446332. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This is a primary newspaper article from Lewiston Morning Tribune. The main takeaway from this source is that President Regan signed the National Drinking age into law. The source explains what policies the law will implicate, and some of Regan's personal remarks. We used this source to find quotes from President Reagan and other politicians in support of the Act.
Barbanel, Josh. "Issue and Debate; Raising New York Drinking Age to 21." New York Times, 28 May 1984, sec. B, p. 22, www.nytimes.com/1984/05/28/nyregion/issue-and-debate-raising-new-york-drinking-age-to-21.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This is a primary newspaper article from the New York Times. The journalist, Josh Barbanel (a regular New York Times writer), wrote this section with the intention to present the issues and debate surrounding the passing of the Minimum Drinking Age Act. We used this source to examine opposing perspectives and debates regarding the age of the Minimum Drinking Age Act.
"Drinking age goes up | 1986." YouTube, 9 Jan. 1986, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP_GYY2MY78. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is a primary source video that includes voices of the public and those with an economic perspective. alcohol business is failing and they have their own public opinion about it. the intended audience of this source is the public and the intention is to spread awareness about the failures of the MLDA of 21. Therefore we plan to use this in the failures section.
"Founder of We Save Lives on the Merv Griffin Show." YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsHtblteAc8.
This is a video of an interview with Candace Lightner, founder of We Save Lives and Mothers Against Drunk Driving on the Merv Griffin Show. She talks about her intentions when she founded the We Save Lives organization and her personal perspective and experiences. We plan to use this video clip in our support section when we discuss Candace Lightner's impact and stand on both the supportive side of the debate and her influence.
"From June 28, 1984, Sen. Frank R. Lautenberg on the National Drinking Age." YouTube, uploaded by PBS News Hour, 3 June 2013, www.youtube.com/ watch?v=fzeWtmWzv6M. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
This is a primary recording of interview clips of Senator Frank Lautenberg from 1984. He is talking to the public about the benefits and the purpose behind the National Drinking Age Act. He shares his hopes for success, but also possible opposition and consequences it might face. We plan to use his words in our project in the political support section.
Kleinfield, N. R. "Decline in Drinking Changed Liquor Industry." New York Times, 17 Sept. 1984, sec. A, p. 1, www.nytimes.com/1984/09/17/us/decline-in-drinking-changes-liquor-industry.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This is a primary newspaper article from the New York Times. The source discusses the decline in drinking since the law was passed and especially its effects on the liquor industry. it presents perspectives of those affected; business owners, liquor buyers, etc. We plan to use this source in our opposition section and the liquor business perspective section.
"President Reagan Signs the Proclamation National Minimum Drinking Age Bill to 21 on July 17, 1984." Youtube, uploaded by Reagan Library, 17 July 1984, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oqDtrWtqwQ. Accessed 9 Dec. 2021.
This is a primary recording of President Ronald Reagan signing the legislative document The Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984. The intention of this recording was to capture the historical moment for the public eye. We plan to use this source to prove the diplomacy in our topic.
Reagan, Ronald. "Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill." 17 July 1984. Reagan Library, 17 July 1984, www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/remarks-signing-national-minimum-drinking-age-bill. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021. Speech.
This is a primary source that contains the words of President Ronald Reagan in his address to the country and his remarks on signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill. this is from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, a government-funded website. We plan on using this source in our Presidential support section and direct quotes from Reagan.
Richburg, Keith B. "Md. Senate Votes 21 as Drinking Age." Washington Post, 11 Mar. 1982, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1982/03/11/md-senate-votes-21-as-drinking-age/2e3127fa-e455-4aa3-b0b9-32eb02f79da7/. Accessed 11 Mar. 1982.
This is a primary newspaper article written in 1982, when the Senate voted to pass 21 as the new MLDA. The writer Keith Richburg is the direction of the Journalism and Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong. The source talks specifically about support and opposition of the act from Maryland Senators, which we plan to use.
Tolchin, Martin. "Senate Votes Bill Aimed at Forcing Drinking Age of 21." New York Times, 27 June 1984, p. 24.
On June 27th, 1984, journalist Martin Tolchin, published a column in the New York Times explaining the changes that the Minimum Drinking Age Act put in place, along with quotes from senators expressing the pros and cons of the act. This source will provide context surrounding our topic given it was written directly after the act was passed and includes opinions of congressmen.
United States, Congress, House. National Minimum Drinking Age. uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-2000-title23-section158&num=0&edition=2000. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022. House Bill 23, section 158.
This is the primary document from the United States Government: Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, Bill 23 section 158. This Bill was signed into law by the president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, and initially drafted by Senator Frank Lautenberg. We plan to use this document as historical context and background context because this document is what our entire project is on.
Weisman, Steven R. "Reagan Calls for Drinking Age of 21." New York Times [New York City], 21 June 1984, B2 sec., timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1984/06/21/016090.html?pageNumber=26. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This is a primary newspaper article from the New York Times. We used this source to gather information about the process which the president went through that changed his stand on the issue and what he did to carry it out, as well as analysis from the journalist.
"Reagan Signs Law Linking Federal Aid to Drinking Age." New York Times, 18 July 1984, www.nytimes.com/1984/07/18/us/reagan-signs-law-linking-federal-aid-to-drinking-age.html.
This is a primary newspaper article from the New York Times. We used this article for quotes from the President as well as other political figures' support. The source offers perspective as well, given it talks about how the president's opinions changed over time and other senators were against the law but voted in order to please the public.
Secondary
Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age, editor. "Statement." Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age, www.theamethystinitiative.org/statement/.
This is the official website of the organization Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age. Their statement page presents their opinion and what they stand for; Twenty-one is not working because a culture of dangerous, clandestine "binge-drinking"—often conducted off-campus—has developed. We plan to use this source in the legacy section.
Andrew D. Plunk, Melissa J. Krauss, Husham Syed-Mohammed, Michael Hur, Patricia A. Cavzos-Rehg, Laura J. Bierut, and Richard A. Grucza. "The Impact of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Alcohol Related Chronic Disease Mortality." US National Library of Medicine, Aug. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961607/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is a scholarly source from the US National Library of Medicine. In this source, data from 1990 through 2010 U.S. Multiple Cause of Death files was analyzed. records on death from several alcohol-related chronic diseases, employing a quasi-experimental approach to control for unobserved state characteristics and stable time trends were examined to see the relationship between the two. We plan to use this in the legacy section because it talks about the effects.
Bidwell, Allie. "Study: The Debate Is Over - Higher Drinking Age Saves Lives." US News, 24 Feb. 2014. US News, www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/02/24/study-the-debate-is-over-higher-drinking-age-saves-lives. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
This is a secondary news source from the U.S, News. This source reports on the studies and data that prove that the Minimum Drinking Age Act has saved lives since it was passed in 1984. According to the studies, research has shown the higher drinking age saves an estimated 900 lives annually, due to fewer alcohol-related traffic fatalities among underage drivers.We plan to use this information in our legacy section.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, editor. "A minimum legal drinking age of 21 saves lives and protects health." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/minimum-legal-drinking-age.htm. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This is a source from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under their Alcohol and public health section. The page describes what the law changed as well as the successes of the law such as fewer motor crashes, drinking decreasing. They also encourage this law and its importance. We plan to use this source as a medical perspective from experts to add to our success section.
"Choose Responsibility." C-Span, www.c-span.org/organization/?57736/Choose-Responsibility.
This webpage from C-Span explains the organization Choose Responsibility, a non-profit organization in the United States that promotes public awareness of the dangers of excessive and reckless alcohol consumption by young adults. We plan to use Choose Responsibility's name and statement as an example of an organization that has been created in response to the MLDA change.
Committee on the Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age for Purchasing Tobacco Products; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Institute of Medicine; Bonnie RJ, Stratton K, Kwan LY, editors. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015 Jul 23. 6, Evidence on the Effects of Youth Access Restrictions. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310405/
This source is a secondary journal written by Bonnie RJ, professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. We plan to use this source to examine the analysis of the impact that the National Minimum Drinking Age had on youth, those between the ages of 18 and 21. This source discusses both positive and negative consequences, which offers perspectives we can include.
Cook, Philip J. "The Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Legislation on Youthful Auto Fatalities, 1970-1977." The Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, Jan. 1984, www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/467738?journalCode=jls.
After the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed, Philip J. Cook conducted a study from 1970-1977. Their study analyzed the possible decrease and change in youth auto fatalities. We plan on using this source to gather data about the legacy of the Law, and how it has affected auto crashes among youth. Because this source tells us there was a decrease over the years since the law was passed, we will use this information in our success section.
Cramer, Maria. "When Are You Really an Adult?" New York Times, 18 Jan. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/usa-legal-age.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This is an article from the New York Times. This source was written recently, 2020, which shows that even 20 years later, the Minimum Drinking Age Act still rases debate among politicians and the public. Many people disagree with the change from 18 to 21 so we plan to use this information in our legacy section when we discuss consequences (the debate has still not been resolved).
Decker MD, Graitcer PL, Schaffner W. Reduction in Motor Vehicle Fatalities Associated With an Increase in the Minimum Drinking Age. JAMA. 1988;260(24):3604–3610.
This is a secondary scholarly source from the Journal of the American Medical Association. It focuses on the statistics and medical examinations of fatly decreased in-vehicle use and the connection it has to the time when the national minimum drinking age act was passed. We plan to use their source in the consequences section because it discusses what happened in response to and a a result of the act
DeJong, William. "New Report on Minimum Drinking Age Makes Strong Case for Existing Laws." Boston University School of Public Health, www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2014/new-report-on-minimum-drinking-age-makes-strong-case-for-existing-laws/. Accessed 2014.
30 years after the Minumim Drinking Age was passed, William DeJohn wrote a report on the minimum drinking age and how it has affected existing laws. The intended audience for this source is politicians and lawmakers because it advises strong cases to be made for and against lowering the drinking age back to 18. We plan to use this source in our legacy section because it is a source written recently which shows how the drinking age is still being debated today.
Fell, James C. "Examination of the criticisms of the minimum legal drinking age 21 laws in the united states from a traffic-safety perspective." Transportation Research Board, 2008, trid.trb.org/view/894429. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the National Academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine. Written by James C Fell and written 20 years after the minimum Drinking Age law was passed. The source provides context and perspective from a traffic safety perspective. The source also focuses on the criticism of the act so we plan to use this source in our opposing section.
Grant, Darren. "Evidence and Evaluation: The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984." Political Economy, pp. 1-49. pdf.
This is a secondary source written by Darren Grant, a professor of economics who offers his perspective and opinion of how the political system yielded an assessment that was substantially more optimistic than merited by the evidence available at the time. He believes that the outcome of the law was shaped less by political inadequacies. We plan to use their source in the debate section because it offers policy analysis from a certain side of the argument.
Hamblen, Diane. Navy Lifeline. Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=A3bvn7QXkIcC&pg=RA2-PA7&lpg=RA2-PA7&dq=Drunk+driving+is+a+national+menace,+a+national+tragedy,+and+a+national+disgrace.+It+is+my+fervent+hope+that+this+report+will+receive+the+attention+it+deserves,+and+that+it+will+speed+the+adoption+of+whatever+measures+are+appropriate+to+remove+this+hazard+from+our+national+life.&source=bl&ots=PCPv3f6tXM&sig=ACfU3U3_lH7zfPEb31reRnnimZWng6jgjQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtw4G5g9X1AhUMk4kEHb3ID9AQ6AF6BAgREAM#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This excerpt from Navy Lifeline, a scholarly journal that includes a synopsis on current policies and other political changes. This source offers primary quotes from President Ronald Reagan's address to the citizens of the United States. We plan to use their source in our presidential support section because it is direct words from the president.
Jeffery A. Miron, Elina Telelbaum. "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives." Harvard and Yale University, June 2007, pp. 1-41. Online Document.
This source has the intention to challenge the common claims that the MLDA saves lives by reducing traffic fatalities which they prove to only be affected by driving education. The study concludes that the MLDA only has a minor impact on teen drinking. We plan to use this information in the legacy and failures section because it challenges common perspectives.
Karen E. Norberg, MD, Laura J. Bierut, MD, and Richard A. Grucza, PhD. "Long Term Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Past-year Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders." US National Library of Medicine, 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018854/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is a secondary scholarly source from the US National Library of Medicine. The intended audience o the resource is the public to show that exposure to a lower minimum legal purchase age is associated with a significantly higher risk of a past-year alcohol or to other substance use disorder. we plan to use their source in the successes section because it shows that with a higher MLDA there will be lower rates of drug use and medical drug disorders.
Males, Mike A. "The Minimum Purchase Age for Alcohol and Young-Driver Fatal Crashes: A Long-Term View." The Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, 1986, pp. 181-211, www.jstor.org/stable/724367. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the Journal of Legal Studies. Written by Mike A. Males, from the University of Chicago Press with the intention to report to the public and for academic teacher purposes. This source examines the long-term effects of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. We plan to use their source in the legacy section.
McCartt, Anne T. "The effects of minimum legal drinking age 21 laws on alcohol-related driving in the United States." Journal of Safety Research, vol. 41, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 173-81, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022437510000174. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the Journal of Safety Research written in 2010, 30 years after the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Trends in alcohol-related crashes and alcohol consumption among young people were examined, and studies on the effects of lowering and raising the drinking age were reviewed to draw the conclusions that the cause and effect relationship between MLDA of 21 and reductions in highway crashes is clear. We plan to use this information in the legacy section.
Nugent, S. Georgia. "Raising the drinking age to 21 has been a disastrous 30 year experiment." New York Times, 10 Feb. 2015, www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/02/10/you-must-be-21-to-drink/raising-the-drinking-age-to-21-has-been-a-disasterous-30-year-experiment. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This article was written by S. Georgia Nugent, president emerita of Kenyon College and senior fellow of the Council of Independent Colleges. She offers her perspective and experiences to persuade the reader that the 21-year-old limit has created, rather than solved, problems. We plan to use their source in our opposition section.
Sarah F. Liebschutz, The National Minimum Drinking-Age Law, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Volume 15, Issue 3, Summer 1985, Pages 39–52
This is a scholarly secondary source from The State of American Federalism Journal, written by John Kincaid, professor of government and public service. This source was written in 1985, recently after the law was passed which allowed the source to rather the debate that politicians had after. Many states disagreed with federal law because they felt their rights were violated and the states should be the ones who decide. We plan to use this source is our debate section.
"S. Georgia Nugent, PhD Biography." Britannica Pro Con, drinkingage.procon.org/source-biographies/s-georgia-nugent/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.
Pro-Con provides many perspectives and the ones included in this section are quotes from S. Georgia Nugent. We plan on using this source for opposing perspectives because Nugent was against the Act and wanted to lower it back to 18.
"30 years of legal drinking age at 21, is it time to change?" YouTube, 17 July 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgH3X34P-w0. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is a secondary source from WKBT TV in 2014. The source interviews those with alcohol-related businesses and other perspectives. We plan to use this information in our debate section because it shows how people still have debates surrounding what the law changed in the past.
Tobin, Micheal. "America's Drinking Age Called Into Question." Fox News, 2001. Fox News, www.foxnews.com/story/americas-drinking-age-called-into-question. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
This website discusses critics' perspectives on their MLDA of 21. It is a secondary source with the intention to have the reader question their own beliefs on their law.
Traci L. Toomey, Ph.D., Carolyn Rosenfeld, M.P.H., and Alexander C. Wagenaar, Ph.D. "The Minimum Legal Drinking Age History, Effectiveness, and Ongoing Debate." Alcohol Health and Research World, 1996, pp. 213-18, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876521/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the Alcohol Health and Research World, written by Traci L. Toomey, Ph.D., Carolyn Rosenfeld, M.P.H., and Alexander C. Wagenaar, Ph.D. This source was written to inform the readers of this journal and for educational purposes. The source discusses the historical context of the Act, the effectiveness of the Act, and the debate surrounding the Act. Therefore we will use it in our historical context sections, consequence section, and debate section.
Traci L. Toomey, Toben F. Nelson,Kathleen M. Lenk. "The Age-21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age: A Case Study Linking Past and Current Debates." Society for the Study of Addiction, 19 Nov. 2009, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the Society for the Study of Addiction written by Traci L. Toomey, Toben F. Nelson, Kathleen M. Lenk, all experts in social responses to national diplomacy. This source has the intention to link past debates to current debates regarding the passing of the Minimum Drinking Age Act. We plan to use this source in the debate section because it offers different an controversial opinions and perspectives.
University of North Carolina Wilmington student. "Drinking Age Up." Seahawk [Wilmington], 1 Oct. 1983, library.uncw.edu/archives_special/ dub_collections/Safe_Roads_Act_19831001. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
This is a primary newspaper article from 1983, prior to the National Drinking Age Act. The Seahawk is the University of North Carolina at Williamston newspaper. The intended audience is the students of the University and other readers with the intention to inform about the different perspectives. The source discusses that Many students at the University of North Carolina Wilmington voiced opposition and protested the fairness of a law that changed the North Carolina Drinking Age to 19 from 18. These students show opposing views prior to the law on a national level so we plan to use this source in the opposition section.
Wagenaar, A. C. "Research affects public policy: the case of the legal drinking age in the United States." National Library of Medicine, 1993, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02165.x. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.
This is a secondary scholarly source from the National Library of Medicine written by Alexander C Wagenaar, a professor of health outcomes and policy at the University of Florida College of Medicine. The intention of this source is to show readers the research on the effects of such policy changes and the process in which research results influenced public policy. We plan to use this source in the legacy section and the successes and failures because this source provides perspectives and evidence for each.
Wagenaar, Alexander C. "Effects of minimum drinking age laws: review and analyses of the literature from 1960 to 2000." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 9 Jan. 2015, www.jsad.com/doi/abs/10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.206. Accessed 19 Nov. 2021.
This is a scholarly journal source from the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, written by Alexander C Wagenaar, a professor of health outcomes and policy at the University of Florida College of Medicine. The source is a review and analysis of the literature from 1960 to 2000 after the Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed. We plan to use this source in our legacy section because it is the lasting effects of the law 20 years later.
William DeJong and Jason Blanchette. "Case closed: research evidence on the positive public health impact of the age 21 minimum legal drinking age in the United States." Journal on Studies of Alcohol and Drugs Suppliments, pp. 108-15, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24565317/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is a scholarly secondary source from the Journal on Studies of Alcohol and Drugs Supplements. Written by William DeJong and Jason Blanchette, both professors and scholars, offer their insight and analysis on research published since 2006, when Choose Responsibility began its public relations campaign to lower the MLDA. They came to the conclusion that the age 21 law saves lives and is unlikely to be overturned. We plan to use this source in our success section.
Images/Media
AMA Logo. AMA, www.ama-assn.org/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used the official logo of the American Medical Association from the American Medical Association website.
Blount, Clarence. Senate Decades Series – 1980s Senator Clarence Blount. 1980. MD Senate DEMS, www.mdsenate.com/2019/07/22/ senate-decades-series-1980s-senator-clarence-blount/. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used the Maryland Government site where we found a photograph of State Senator Clarence Blount.
Broadwater, Tommie. (Biographical Series). 1983. Maryland Government, msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/002600/002690/images/msa02690.jpg. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used the Maryland Government's Biography page to find a photograph of State Senator, Tommie Broadwater.
Candy, (Candace) Lightner. Candace Lightner, www.candacelightner.com/Meet-Candace/Wiki. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used Candace Lightner's biography website to use a photograph of Candace LIghtner.
Candy Lightner. My Hero, myhero.com/C_Lightner_dnhs_ky_US_2017_ul. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the My Hero's biography page on Candace Lightner to find a photograph of Candace Lightner.
Candy Lightner, president of MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, holds a picture of her late daughter inside her office in Sacramento, California, on Feb. 26, 1981. Lightner's daughter was killed by a drunk driver. Deseret News, www.deseret.com/2015/5/7/20564209/motherhood-and-the-power-for-good#candy-lightner-president-of-madd-mothers-against-drunk-drivers-holds-a-picture-of-her-late-daughter-inside-her-office-in-sacramento-california-on-feb-26-1981-lightners-daughter-was-killed-by-a-drunk-driver. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used Deseret News to find a picture of Candace Lightner holding a photograph of her late daughter, who was killed by a drunk driver.
Cari Lightner was one of more than 25,000 people killed by drunk driving in 1980. MADD, www.madd.org/madd-marks-40-years-of-lives-saved. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the official Mothers Against Drunk Driving Website for a picture of Candace Lightner's late daughter Cari.
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, www.hamiltoncountyhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/cdc-logo.png. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used the CDC official website for a photo of their logo.
Cindy Lightner relentlessly tries to spearhead the drive for the national anti-drunk driver legislation after her own daughter becomes the victim of a hit-and-run by a drunk driver. M.A.D.D. IMDb, www.imdb.com/title/tt0085288/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
We used the M.A.D.D Movie poster from IMBd.
Cuomo, Mario. New York Governor Mario Cuomo. 1987. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_(speech). Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used Mario Cuomo's biography page from Wikipedia for a photograph of the New York Governor, Mario Cuomo.
First Registered Logo. 1992. MADD, www.madd.org/history. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the Mothers Against Drunk Driving website for an image of their first registered logo.
Francis X. Kelly. Maryland Government, msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/kelly.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used the Maryland Government biography page for a photograph of State Senator Francis X. Kelly.
Frank Lautenberg. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg#/media/File:Frank_Lautenberg_1983_congressional_photo.jpg. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used Frank Lautenberg's biography page on Wikipedia for a photograph of Senator Frank Lautenberg.
"High School Seniors' Alcohol Use Decilnes." Federal Trade Commision, 2012, www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0386-21-legal-drinking-age. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022. Chart.
We used the Federal Trade Commision website for a visual graph that shows the decline in High School Senior Alcohol Use.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety / Highway Loss Data Institute. Linked in, www.linkedin.com/company/iihs-hldi. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety / Highway Loss Data Institute Linked In account for a photo of the official logo.
John J. Marchi. Static Wikia, static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/7/7c/John_J._Marchi.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20181004023933. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used Static Wikia for a photograph of John J. Marchi.
Lightner talking with Senator Dole. My Hero, myhero.com/C_Lightner_dnhs_ky_US_2017_ul. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the My Hero website for a photograph of Candace Lightner talking with Senator Dole.
Lowell Weicker. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Weicker. Accessed 1 Feb. 2022.
We used Lowell Weicker's biography page on Wikipedia for a photograph of Lowell Weicker.
MADD Protest. Charities.org, www.charities.org/charities/mothers-against-drunk-driving-madd. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used charities.org for a photo of a MADD protest.
"Map of Maryland." D-maps, 2018, d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=20591&lang=en. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022. Map.
We used D Maps for a map of Maryland and the distinguished county borders.
Mariette Hartley and Paula Prentiss in M.A.D.D.: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (1983). 1983. IMDb, www.imdb.com/title/tt0085288/mediaviewer/rm1472378113/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
We used a movie poster of M.A.D.D. from IMDb.
Max Baucus. Wikipedia, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Max_Baucus_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg/200px-Max_Baucus_1977_Congressional_photo.jpg. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.
We used Max Baucus's biography page from Wikipedia for a photograph of Max Baucus.
"Most Americans Oppose Lowering Legal Drinking Age to 18 Nationwide." Gallup, 27 July 2007, news.gallup.com/poll/28237/most-americans-oppose-lowering-legal-drinking-age-nationwide.aspx. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022. Chart.
We used charts from Gallup to show data of support on the Minimum Drinking Age Act.
"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System." US National Library of Medicine, June 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866588/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022. Chart.
We used the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System's chart to show the percentage of alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities among young adults aged 16 to 24 years, by age group: United States, 1982–2007.
"National History Day." We Save Lives, wesavelives.org/about-us/national-history-day/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used this website for photos of protests in support of raising the drinking age to 21.
National Youth Rights Association. Youth Rights, www.youthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/NYRA_Logo_Square.png. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used the National Youth Rights Association for a photo of their official logo.
New Yorkers bid farewell to the 18th Amendment that legalized Prohibition and which was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. Time, time.com/5469508/prohibition-repeal-anniversary-history/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
We used an image of 18-21 year olds at a bar from the Time article on the prohibition.
Night Driving Black and White. Public Domain Pictures, www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=315428&picture=night-driving-black-and-white. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used Public Domain Pictures for a photograph of cars driving safely at night.
NTSB Logo. NBAA, nbaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/NTSB-logo.jpg. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used the NBAA wesite for an image of the National Transportation Saftey Board official logo.
President Ronald Reagan signed legislation raising the national drinking age to 21 in 1984.Credit... 1984. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/ usa-legal-age.html. Accessed 13 Jan. 2022.
We used a photograph of President Ronald Reagan signing the legislation of the Minimum Drinking age act from a New York Times article published in 1984.
Protest. We Save Lives, wesavelives.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/MADD-Serena.png. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the Mothers Against Drunk Driving website for a photograph of a protest led by M.A.D.D. in support of the drinking age being raised 21.
Protest. We Save Lives, wesavelives.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/MADD-tang.png. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the Mothers Against Drunk Driving website for a photograph of a fundraiser in support of M.A.D.D.
Richburg, Keith. Keith Richburg. 1977. Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-srv/inatl/zforum/99/inatl072299.htm. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used the Washington Post Biography section for a photograph of Keith Richburg.
Ronald Reagan and Candace Lightner. MADD, www.madd.org/history. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
We used the Mothers Against Drunk Driving website for a photograph of Candace Lightner, founder of M.A.D.D., and President Ronald Reagan.
Sanabee. Victor Cushwa IV. 1960. Find A Grave, www.findagrave.com/memorial/ 137205109/victor-cushwa. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used Victor Cushwa's obituary for a photograph of Victor Cushwa.
Simpson, James C. Biographical Series. 1983. Maryland Government, msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc5100/sc5123/000002/html/msa02744.jpg. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used the Maryland Government website biography page for a photograph of State sentor James C. Simpson.
Steven D. Symms. History House Gov, historycms2.house.gov/uploadedImages/People/Listing/S/S001138.jpg. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
We used History House Gov for a photograph of Senator Steven D. Symms.
Welcome, Verda. Verda Welcome. 1988. Ballot and Beyond, ballotandbeyond.org/ u-s-senator-verda-welcome-true-public-servant/. Accessed 12 Jan. 2022.
We used the biography section of Ballot and Beyond to find a photograph of Verda Welcome, an American legislator.
We're MADD as hell. Fandom M.A.D.D., made-for-tv-movie.fandom.com/wiki/M.A.D.D.:_Mothers_Against_Drunk_Drivers. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
We used a M.A.D.D. documentary movie poster from Fandom.
Windsor residents, Don and Julie Legg, from left, and Mary-Jo Briguglio, participate in a past Mothers Against Drunk Driving Walk Like MADD fundraiser in Denver. On Saturday, the MADD Colorado office is hosting its first 5K fundraiser in Greeley at Promontory Park. Reporter Herald, www.reporterherald.com/2021/07/25/nocos-walk-like-madd-2021-to-raise-funds-and-awareness-for-drunk-driving/. Accessed 8 Feb. 2022.
This is a photograph of a walk fundraiser for MADD.
Wisconsin Proposes Bill to Lower Drinking Age to 19. The Raquet Press, theracquet.org/4027/news/wi-proposes-bill-to-make-drinking-age-19/. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
This is an image of a sign that says you must be 21 or older to be served from after the MLDA was raised in Wisconsin.