Game Art & Design 

Course Overview Reflection 

What do you hope to get out of taking this class? 

I hope to get a good idea on how to make a game that looks good. I also hope to get better at 3d modeling. Another thing that I hope to get out of this class is how to get better at making animations. Something else i'm hoping to get out of this class is to get better at texturing, recording audios for my character and the environment. 

Why do you think having an Unreal Engine certification can be good for your future?

Having an Unreal Engine certification can be good for my future because this will increase the jobs I can apply to. Another thing this certification can help me with having an edge over my competition and that will help me be better than them so I can get a good job. with this certificate it  can help me get a job as a animator or a game designer which seems pretty fun.   

Why is it important to have a Code of Conduct when working in game development Industries? 

It is important to have a code of conduct when working in game development industries because this will help the employees get along more and not get into fights more often. Another thing a code of conduct can help us with is the stopping workplace harassment. This will also help with keeping employees data private so they don''t have to worry about their data getting stolen by other people. 

What Remains

What genre did this story feel like to you?

The genre of this story felt kind of fun and kind of like a horror game. The reason this story felt like a horror game is because of the ominous tuff they tell you about and what you can do. The reason it this also felt like an adventure game is because of the barrel game and how you can dodge the barrels it felt like a fun game that was an adventure and not scary at all. 

Did different sections remind you of different genres? 

Yes some different section felt like different genres. One section of the game that felt like a different genre was the part where you are exploring the rocky mountain, it felt like it was a horror game and that if you make one wrong move you would die. It also felt like you would get jump scared any second. Another section that felt like a different genre was when you were dodging the barrels it felt like a fun adventure game where you have fun. 

Life Cycle Reflection

The character I created, Richard, changes the way I imagine playing What Remains because he has a serious and emotional story. He is strong and fast but short, so he will be able through the barrels faster. There would also be more of a story line because he would be searching for his mom's medicine. Richard would also be more smart and not make as many slip ups as the original character in What Remains. Overall, creating will really help the story progress because of his back story and his feelings that he has. 

Game Design Copyright

Respecting copyright is the best way  your game doesn't get sued. Following these licensing rules protects all your work and gives you documented ownership of everything in your project . It also shows you’re a professional who actually respects the time other artists put into their work. By using legit sites like Fab.com, you're keeping your reputation solid and avoiding any random legal drama. In the end, staying legal is the smartest way to make sure you can actually finish and sell your game.

Unreal Navigation

What similarities and differences do you see between Autodesk 3ds Max and Unreal Engine?

Both Autodesk 3ds Max and Unreal Engine are used to create awesome 3d visuals, but they handle different parts of the job. 3ds Max is great for modeling, which is like sculpting and building a car or a character from scratch.  Unreal engine on the other hand is a game engine, meaning it specializes in putting those models into a world where you can walk around and interact in real time. A big difference is that 3ds Max takes a long time to render a single high quality picture, while Unreal lets you see everything instantly. Even though they are different, they work together perfectly because you can build something in 3ds max and then move it into unreal to make a game. 

How well do you feel learning 3D modeling last year prepared you for working in the Unreal Engine?

It was actually super helpful because even knowing a little bit of 3ds max gave me a head start on how 3D space works. Since I already know about things like X, Y, and Z axes and how to move objects around, I won't feel totally lost when i opne Unreal Engine. The best thing is that I understand polygons and meshes so I know how to fix a model if it looks weird after I import it. Even if I didn't learn everything, knowing how to build basic shapes means you can create your own custom obstacles instead of just using the basic blocks Unreal gives. It's like learning how to bake a cake in in 3ds max and then you get to decorate it in Unreal.

What did you find most challenging, and how did you work through it?  

The hardest part of using 3ds Max was figuring out UV mapping, which is basically unwrapping a 3D object like a cube so a 2D texture can fit on it correctly. In 3ds Max if you do not do this right, your textures will be stretched out and messy when you make a 3D object with it. To get past it I asked my teacher for some help and he helped me understand it more so it could turn out better. It took a lot of trial and error, but eventually, I realized it's like a 3D puzzle that you have to flatten out. Once I stopped trying to rush through it and focused one piece at a time, everything went well. 

Inclined Planes

Levers 

Why does the distance from the fulcrum change how much force a weight applies to the lever?

The distance from the fulcrum changes how much force a weight applies because of how levers work. When a weight is farther from the fulcrum, it has more leverage and can create more turning force. When the wight is closer to the fulcrum, it has less leverage and creates less force. This is why it is easier to lift something heavy by pushing farther away from the pivot point. In Unreal engine, this matters because moving objects farther from the pivot in a lever setup will make them affect the movement more

How does scaling a weight affect the outcome compared to moving it closer or farther from the fulcrum?

Scaling a weight affects the lever by changing how heavy the object is. When the weight is scaled bigger, it applies more force to the lever no matter where it is placed. Moving the weight farther from the fulcrum also increases the force, but without changing the weight itself. Both methods can make the lever move more, but they do it in different ways. In Unreal Engine, scaling a weight changes its mass, while moving it changes how far the force is applied. This helps show how weight and distance both affect how a lever works. 

In what ways can customizing materials be useful for both design and gameplay in a project?

Customizing materials can be useful because it changes how objects look and act in a project. Designers can use different materials to make things look realistic or match the style of the game. Materials can also affect gameplay by showing what objects are important or interactive. For example, a shiny or glowing material can guide the player's attention. In Unreal engine materials help combine visual design and gameplay in a clear way.

Wedges 

Wheel & Axle

Pulleys 

Why is it important to leave a gap between the pulley basket and other objects when setting up a chain reaction?

It is important to leave a gap between the pulley basket and other objects so they do not bump into each other too early. If the objects are too close, the chain reaction might not work the way you planned. A small gap gives each object space to move smoothly and build momentum. This helps the timing stay correct and makes the reaction look more realistic. Leaving space also makes it easier to fix problems if something goes wrong.

How does changing the rotation or position of the pulley affect the outcome of the machine?

Changing the rotation or position of the pulley can change how the whole machine works. If the pulley is turned a different way, the rope might pull objects in a new direction. Moving the pulley higher or lower can also change how fast or strong the force is. Even a small adjustment can affect the timing of the chain reaction. This shows that position and rotation are very important for making the machine work correctly.

If you were to redesign today’s pulley setup for maximum reliability, what would you change and why?

If I were redesigning the pulley system for maximum reliability, I would use stronger and more durable materials like steel cables and reinforced wheels. I would also add protective covers to keep dirt and debris from getting inside the pulley. Making sure the pulley is properly aligned would help reduce wear and tear over time. I would include regular maintenance checks to catch problems early. These changes would make the system safer, last longer, and work more smoothly.

Screws

Design Your Rube Goldberg

One member of my team is cooper 

What is the theme of your machine?

The theme of my machine is turning a pancake into a piece of toast using a Rube Goldberg device in Unreal Engine. A Rube Goldberg machine is a machine that uses many small and simple steps to complete one easy task. In my project, different objects will move in a chain reaction to help the pancake reach a toaster. For example, a ball might roll down a ramp, knock over dominoes, and pull a string that flips the pancake into the toaster. This project shows creativity and problem-solving by using a fun and complicated way to complete a simple goal.

Which role title did you take (Designer or Documenter)? Why?

I took the role of Documenter for our Rube Goldberg project. The Documenter is responsible for writing down ideas, explaining how the machine works, and keeping track of our progress. I chose this role because writing is one of my strengths. My partner is not very strong at writing, and I am better at organizing thoughts and explaining them clearly. By being the Documenter, I can make sure our project is explained well and easy to understand.

How did you and your partner make sure you both understand the whole design?

My partner and I made sure we both understood the whole design by creating a detailed sketch of our Rube Goldberg machine. The sketch showed each step of the chain reaction and how the pancake would move through the machine. By drawing it out, we could clearly see how all the parts connected to each other. We talked through each step while looking at the sketch to make sure we agreed on how it would work. This helped us stay organized and make sure we both understood the entire design.

Short description:

The machine starts with a ball rolling down a ramp from outside the house, hitting another ball that goes down a second ramp. The moving ball lands on a wheel and axle, which pushes another ball to hit a watermelon that rolls down a ramp. The watermelon falls into a funnel and hits a wedge, slicing it in half. One half of the watermelon goes into a pulley, which pulls a boot upward. Meanwhile, a ball goes into a funnel and then onto a lever that flips a pancake. The pancake lands on another lever, which launches it into a toaster.

Analyzing Games

Gameplay

In Rocket League, we learned that the gameplay is fast, competitive, and focused on teamwork. Players drive cars to hit a big ball and try to score goals while also defending their own net. The game takes a lot of skill because you have to control your car, use boost, and time your hits correctly. We also learned that practice helps players get better at aerial shots, saves, and passing to teammates. Overall, the gameplay is exciting and challenging because every match is different and requires quick thinking.

Analyzing Mechanics

How can simple mechanics lead to complex gameplay?

Simple mechanics can lead to complex gameplay because basic actions can be used in many different ways. In Tetris, the only goal is to place blocks, but players must think fast and plan ahead as the game speeds up. In Rocket League, players just drive and hit a ball, but teamwork, timing, and positioning make the matches more challenging. In LEGO Fortnite, building and collecting resources seem simple, but players can create complex bases and strategies. This shows that simple rules can create deep and interesting gameplay that keeps players learning and improving.

Why is it useful to understand game mechanics when analyzing or reviewing a game?

It is useful to understand game mechanics because it helps you explain how the game actually works. When you know the mechanics, you can clearly describe why a game feels fun, challenging, or boring. This also helps you point out what the designers did well, like balance, pacing, or difficulty. It makes your review stronger because you are not just sharing opinions, but also giving reasons. Overall, understanding mechanics helps you explain what works in the game and why players enjoy it.

Exploring Mood

Why is mood and atmosphere important in games?

Mood and atmosphere are important because they make the game feel real and exciting. They can make players feel happy, scared, or tense. Things like music, lighting, and colors create the mood. A good mood helps players stay interested in the game. It makes the game more fun and immersive.

How is it different from game mechanics?

Game mechanics are the rules and actions players can do, like jumping, shooting, or solving puzzles. Mood and atmosphere are about how the game feels, not what you can do. Mechanics control gameplay, while mood controls emotions. Both are important, but they work in different ways. Mechanics let you play, mood makes you feel.

Analyzing Fairness

Symmetry & Balance

Symmetry and balance in games means that both players or teams have an equal chance to succeed because the rules, tools, or starting positions are fair. For example, in the Overwatch tournament lesson, if both teams start with the same heroes and spawn points, the match is balanced, and neither side has an unfair advantage. Symmetry makes it so skill and strategy matter more than luck or hidden advantages. Balance can also apply to items or power-ups in a game, making sure one player doesn’t get too strong too fast. I understand now that games feel fairer and more fun when symmetry and balance are carefully designed.

Unit Introduction 

How can you navigate and explore the first level using the mouse and keyboard, and what does this allow you to observe about the available assets?

You can use the mouse to look around and move the camera in the level. The W, A, S, and D keys help you move forward, left, back, and right. This makes it easy to explore the whole map. As you move around, you can see different objects and environments. This helps you observe the available assets and how they are used in the level.

What is the difference between a Static Mesh and a Blueprint in the Content Drawer? Provide an example of how each is used in the project.

A Static Mesh is a simple 3D object that does not move or have behavior. It is used for things like walls, floors, or decorations. A Blueprint is an object that can have actions and interactions. It can move, open, or respond to the player. For example, a rock is a Static Mesh, while a door that opens is a Blueprint.

Describe at least three interactive elements demonstrated in the level when you playtested Level 1. How do these elements contribute to gameplay?

One interactive element is doors that open when you get close. Another is platforms that move or change when you step on them. There are also objects you can collect or use. These make the game more fun and interesting. They give the player goals and challenges to complete.

How do you navigate to and open the correct map for building your game, and what is the name of the level you will be editing?

You go to the Content Drawer to find the game levels. Then you look in the maps or levels folder. After that, you double click the correct map to open it. This lets you start building and editing your game. The level you will be editing is called Level 1.

What problem does the player encounter when pressing play in the default level, and what will students need to add in the next lesson to solve it?

When the player presses play, they may not be able to move or control the character. The game does not have a player set up yet. This makes the level hard to test and play. Students will need to add a player character or pawn. This will allow the player to move and interact with the game.

Collision 

Islands 

Power Ups

Can you think of any other powerups that you would like to add to your game?

I would like to add a power-up that gives the player a double jump so they can reach higher islands more easily. Another cool idea would be a speed boost that lets the player move faster for a short time. I could also add a temporary shield that protects the player if they miss a jump or hit an obstacle. A slow-motion power-up would be helpful for timing difficult jumps between moving islands. These power-ups would make the game more exciting and give the player more ways to succeed.

Coins

Door Key

Why do we store the information about having the key in the Game Mode instead of in the door or the player?

We store the information about having the key in the Game Mode because it controls the rules of the whole game. The Game Mode is like the manager that keeps track of important game progress. If we put the key information in the door, only that door would know about it, and it would not work well if there were multiple doors. If we put it only in the player, it could get complicated if the player resets or changes. Keeping it in the Game Mode makes everything more organized and easier to control.

What was the hardest part to understand when building the key and connecting it to the door?

The hardest part to understand when building the key and connecting it to the door was figuring out how the blueprints communicate with each other. It was confusing at first to know how the key tells the Game Mode that it was picked up. Connecting that information so the door checks it before opening was also tricky. Sometimes the door would not open because something was not connected correctly. Once I understood how casting and variables worked together, it started to make more sense.

Pickup Indicator

Why is it better practice to keep the logic for updating the timer inside the HUD instead of directly in the Game Mode?

It is better practice to keep the logic for updating the timer inside the HUD because the HUD is in charge of what the player sees on the screen. The Game Mode controls the rules of the game, but it should not handle visual updates. If the timer logic is inside the HUD, it keeps the code more organized and easier to manage. This also makes it simpler to change how the timer looks without changing the game rules. Separating these jobs helps keep the project clean and more professional.

What challenges did you face when creating a new event from scratch in the HUD, and how did you solve them?

One challenge I faced when creating a new event in the HUD was figuring out how to make it trigger at the right time. At first, the event didn’t show anything because I forgot to connect it to the Game Mode or the right variable. Another problem was understanding which nodes to use to update the HUD properly. I solved this by looking at examples and making sure the event was linked to the variable I wanted to show. After testing a few times, the HUD event worked and updated exactly when it was supposed to.

Pro Reviews

What surprised you most when comparing two professional reviews of the same game?

What surprised me most was how different the focus was even though both reviews were about Fortnite. GameSpot focused more on the building mechanics and small problems like repetitive resource gathering. IGN focused more on how the game has grown and changed over time with updates and new modes. Even though they reviewed the same game, they talked about different strengths. It surprised me that two professional reviews could feel so different but still both be positive.

How can reviewing two different opinions help you become a better game reviewer or designer yourself?

Reviewing two different opinions about Fortnite can help me become a better game reviewer or designer because it shows that people notice different things. One reviewer might focus more on gameplay mechanics, while another focuses on updates or creativity. This helps me understand that a game has many parts that all matter. It also teaches me to look at both strengths and weaknesses instead of just one side. Seeing different opinions helps me think more deeply and form my own fair judgment.

End Goal 

What did you learn about how data is passed between blueprints and widget

I learned that data can be passed from blueprints to widgets so the game can show information on the screen. This is useful for things like a score, timer, or health bar. The blueprint sends the data and the widget displays it to the player. This helps the game update the information while the player is playing. It also makes the game feel more interactive and organized.

Why is it helpful to organize blueprint code using nodes like “Sequence” and reroute pins?

It is helpful to organize blueprint code using nodes like Sequence and reroute pins because it keeps the blueprint clean and easier to understand. The Sequence node lets you run multiple actions in order from one event. This helps make sure things happen in the right order in the game. Reroute pins help move wires around so the blueprint does not look messy. This makes it easier to read the code and fix problems if something breaks.

Overview Reflection

How does your hero’s story (their lore) connect to the new world you will build in Unit 5?

Richard Klouski’s story connects to the world because his journey takes place across many different places in it. He leaves the Lower Valley after his mother is poisoned by demons and travels to find the truth. As he explores, he learns about the different lands, people, and conflicts in the world. His discovery that he is part demon also connects him to the bigger history of the demons in the world. Through Richard’s adventure, the audience learns more about how the world works and why the demons are causing problems.

Do you need to change your hero in any way based on what you now know about the valley? Or should you keep your hero as they are and instead adapt the design of the world to fit them? Explain your reasoning.

I will keep my hero the same and instead adapt the design of the world to fit him. Richard’s story and background already explain why he leaves the valley and goes on an adventure. The world can be built around his journey, including places where demons live and areas where other races exist. The valley can also be designed to show how peaceful it once was before demons started causing problems. This makes Richard’s story fit naturally into the world and helps explain why his adventure is important.

Thinking about your Unit 3 activities on game mechanics, mood, and fairness, which of those ideas will influence your world design the most in Unit 5? Why?

The idea that will influence my world design the most is mood. I want the world to feel dangerous, mysterious, and exciting, so players feel like every choice matters. This will guide how I design the environment, enemies, and hidden places. It will also affect the story, making Richard’s journey feel more serious and adventurous. While game mechanics and fairness are important, creating the right mood will make the world feel alive and keep players engaged.

Write down 3 keywords that describe the mood of your Level 2 world.

Mysterious, dangerous, adventurous

Level Setup

How did experimenting with lighting help you understand the importance of atmosphere in a game world?

Experimenting with lighting helped me see how it can change the mood of a game world. Different lighting can make a place feel bright and safe or dark and scary. By adjusting the lights, I could make the environment feel more interesting and realistic. It also helped important parts of the level stand out more to the player. This showed me that lighting is important for creating the right atmosphere in a game.

Why is real-time global illumination (Lumen) such a game-changer compared to baked lighting?

Real-time global illumination (Lumen) is a big improvement because the lighting updates instantly while the game is running. This means when something moves or the light changes, the environment reacts right away. With baked lighting, the lighting is pre-made and does not change during gameplay. Lumen makes the world look more realistic because light can bounce and change in real time. This helps make the game feel more dynamic and immersive for the player. 

What kind of problems could happen if your level didn’t have the correct Game Mode?

If a level doesn’t have the correct Game Mode, some important parts of the game might not work properly. The player might not spawn in the right place or might not spawn at all. The HUD, score, or timer might also not show up on the screen. Certain game rules or events could fail to run during the level. This can make the game confusing or broken for the player.

Sculpting Tools

Landscape Sculpting

Paint Landscape

Paths & Checkpoints

How did you use natural barriers and paths to guide the player through your world?

I used natural barriers like walls, rocks, and objects to block off areas and keep the player on the right path. This helped guide the player without needing to tell them exactly where to go. I also created clear paths using lighting and open spaces to lead the player forward. By doing this, the player can explore but still stay on track. This makes the level feel more natural and easier to understand.

What choices did you make to make your checkpoints unique?

I made my checkpoints unique by placing them in important or noticeable areas of the level. I used lighting and different objects to make them stand out so players could easily find them. Each checkpoint was placed after a challenge to give players a sense of progress. I also tried to make each one look a little different to keep the game interesting. This helped make the checkpoints feel more rewarding and useful.

How do checkpoints change the way players experience your level?

Checkpoints change the way players experience the level by making it less frustrating when they fail. Instead of starting over from the beginning, they can continue from where they last saved. This helps players feel more confident and willing to take risks. It also keeps the game moving at a better pace. Overall, checkpoints make the level more enjoyable and less stressful to play.

Plants & Trees 

Which foliage settings made the biggest difference in realism for your world?

The foliage setting that made the biggest difference in realism for my world was density. Increasing the density made the environment feel more full and natural instead of empty. I also adjusted the placement so the foliage didn’t look too evenly spaced or artificial. Another important change was using different types of plants to make the area feel more realistic. Overall, these changes made the world feel more alive and believable.

How did adding vegetation change the atmosphere of your level

Adding vegetation changed the atmosphere of my level by making it feel more alive and natural. Before, the environment felt empty and kind of plain. When I added plants, it made the world look more detailed and interesting. It also helped set the mood by making the level feel calmer and more realistic. Overall, the vegetation made the level feel more immersive for the player.

How can you use forests and fields not just as decoration, but to shape gameplay and exploration?

You can use forests and fields to shape gameplay by guiding where the player goes. Forests can act like natural barriers that block paths or create narrow spaces, making players move in certain directions. Fields can be more open, giving players room to explore, move faster, or spot things from far away. You can also hide items, enemies, or checkpoints in these areas to encourage players to explore more. Overall, using forests and fields this way makes the level more interactive instead of just decoration.

Build a Castle

What choices did you make to design your castle’s exterior?

When I designed my castle’s exterior, I focused on making it look strong and realistic. I used large stone walls and tall towers to give it a fortress feel. I kept the design simple without adding things like gates or pathways. I paid more attention to the shape and size of the castle to make it stand out. Overall, my choices made the castle look solid and believable.

How did you organize your assets to keep the build manageable?

I organized my assets by putting similar items into folders so everything was easy to find. I grouped things like walls, towers, and props together. This helped me stay organized and not get confused while building. I also reused the same assets instead of adding too many new ones. Overall, this made my build easier to manage and saved time.

What atmosphere do you want players to feel when they reach the castle interior?

When players reach the castle interior, I want them to feel a dark and serious atmosphere. I tried to make it feel quiet and a little tense, like something important could happen. The space is meant to feel enclosed so players stay focused as they move through it. I also wanted it to feel realistic, like an actual castle inside. Overall, the goal is to make players feel interested and a bit on edge.

Lights & Flickering

Castle Village

What details did you add to make your village feel lived-in?

I added small houses and clear paths to make the village feel like people actually live there. The layout of the buildings makes it look organized and easy to move around. I also placed details like fences and open spaces to make it feel more natural and not crowded. The different areas, like where people would gather or walk, help show daily life. All these small details make the village feel more realistic instead of empty.

How did coins and gems affect the way players might explore your level?

Coins and gems encourage players to explore more of the level instead of just going straight to the end. Players might go out of their way to check different paths or corners to collect everything. This can make them notice more details in the environment that they might normally miss. It also adds a reward system, so players feel good when they find something hidden. Overall, coins and gems make the level more interactive and fun to explore.

Creative Expanse

How can creativity and variety make your world unique?

Creativity helps me design a world that feels different from everyone else’s. I can choose unique buildings, colors, and layouts so my map doesn’t look boring or the same. Adding variety, like different terrain, objects, and paths, makes the world more interesting to explore. In Unreal Editor, I can mix assets and change details to make everything feel more alive. This makes my world stand out and keeps players engaged.

What makes a player want to stop and look closely at a game environment?

Players stop and look closely when something catches their attention right away. Bright colors, cool lighting, or unique designs can make an area stand out. Small details, like objects, textures, or decorations, make the world feel more real and interesting. Surprises, like hidden items or unusual features, also make players curious. All of this makes players slow down and explore instead of just moving past everything.

How can props and buildings help tell a story without words?

Props and buildings can show what happened in a place without using any words. For example, broken walls or messy rooms can suggest something went wrong. Clean and organized spaces might show that people live there and take care of it. Objects like tools, furniture, or signs can hint at what people do in that world. This helps players understand the story just by looking around.

Challenges Intro

How well does your current world design support the kinds of challenges shown in the video?

My current world design supports some of the challenges from the video, but not all of them yet. I have space where I could add things like dangerous water and simple obstacles. However, I don’t have many narrow paths or areas designed for moving traps like pendulums or sweepers. I also haven’t built tight corridors that would work well for boulder challenges. Overall, my world is a good start, but I would need to add more detailed and controlled spaces to fully support these kinds of challenges.

What changes or adjustments might you need to make to your landscape, layout, or design to prepare for these challenges?

I would need to make my world more structured to fit these challenges. I could add narrower paths and tighter spaces so obstacles like pendulums and sweepers actually feel difficult. I might also lower or shape parts of the landscape to include water hazards in the right places. For the boulder challenge, I would need to build a straight, enclosed path so the player can’t easily escape. I would also add clear areas for checkpoints and timed gates so the challenges feel fair. Overall, I need to focus more on controlled layouts instead of just open space.

How should the challenges you add in this unit match the mood of your Level 2 world? Write a short reflection (2–3 sentences).

The challenges I add should match the mood of my Level 2 world so everything feels consistent and immersive. For example, if my world has a darker or more intense vibe, I should use harder obstacles and more dangerous traps to fit that feeling.

Sweeper Arm

How did adding ragdoll physics change the feeling of failure in your game?

Adding ragdoll physics makes failure feel more realistic and less “game-like” because the character reacts like a real body instead of just playing a simple death animation. It can also make losing feel a bit more dramatic or funny, depending on the situation, which changes the mood of the game. Instead of feeling instant or clean, failure feels more physical and noticeable, so players understand what went wrong. Overall, it can make the game feel more immersive and impactful when you mess up.

What adjustments would you make to the Sweeper Arm to balance difficulty?

To balance the Sweeper Arm, I would adjust its speed so it’s not too fast or unpredictable, giving players a fair chance to react. I would also increase the time between swings so players can plan their movement instead of feeling rushed. Another change could be adding a clear warning (like a sound or visual cue) before it moves. Finally, I might slightly reduce its hit range so it challenges players without feeling unfair.

How does this first obstacle set the tone for the rest of the challenges?

The first obstacle sets the tone by showing players what kind of skills they will need for the rest of the level, like timing, reaction speed, and patience. If it’s challenging but fair, it teaches players to stay alert and think before moving. It also introduces the overall difficulty style, so players know whether the game will be fast-paced, careful, or puzzle-like. This helps prepare players mentally for the challenges ahead.

Narrow Path

How did adding pendulums change the feel of the Sweeper Arm challenge?

Adding pendulums made the Sweeper Arm challenge feel more unpredictable and intense. Instead of just timing one obstacle, players now have to watch multiple moving parts at once. This increases the difficulty because the pendulums can mess up your timing and push you off. Overall, it makes the challenge feel more chaotic and requires better focus and quick reactions.

What adjustments did you make to balance challenge and frustration?

To balance challenge and frustration, I adjusted the speed of the obstacles so they were still challenging but not too fast to react to. I also spaced the pendulums and sweeper arms out more so players had a small window to recover if they made a mistake. I made sure the timing felt consistent so it didn’t seem random or unfair. These changes helped keep the level difficult but still enjoyable instead of frustrating.

How does polishing the environment change how players experience the challenge?

Polishing the environment makes the challenge feel more clear and fair to the player. When things look cleaner and more detailed, it’s easier to see obstacles and understand what to do. Good lighting and visuals can also guide players and help them time their movements better. It also makes the level feel more finished and immersive, which keeps players engaged. Overall, it turns the challenge from feeling confusing or rough into something that feels smooth and fun to play.

How does the size and speed of the boulder affect how dangerous it feels?

The size and speed of the boulder make a big difference in how dangerous it feels. A larger boulder looks more powerful and harder to stop. When it moves faster, players have less time to react. This makes the challenge feel more intense and stressful. A smaller or slower boulder feels easier and less scary.

How did you balance safe zones and danger in your Boulder Hill design?

I balanced safe zones and danger by adding places where players can stop and avoid the boulder. These areas give players a break from the action. I made sure the safe zones were not too close together. This keeps the challenge from being too easy. Players still have to move carefully to survive.

What changes did you make to your Boulder Hill to improve fairness after playtesting?

After playtesting, I made some changes to improve fairness. I slowed the boulder down a little so players can react in time. I also moved some obstacles to make paths clearer. This helps players understand where to go. These changes made the level feel more fair and less frustrating.

How does the Boulder Hill hazard feel different from the Sweeper Arm challenge?

The Boulder Hill hazard feels more fast and intense. The boulder chases the player, which creates pressure. The Sweeper Arm is more about timing and watching its movement. It feels slower and more predictable. Because of this, the two challenges feel very different.

How did adding destruction effects change the feel of the Boulder Hill challenge?

Adding destruction effects made the challenge feel more exciting. When the boulder hits things, it looks powerful. This makes the danger feel more real to the player. It also adds more action to the level. Overall, it makes the experience more fun and dramatic.

What choices did you make in your particle system, and why?

I used particles like dust and small debris. These effects show when the boulder is moving or hitting something. I kept the particles simple so they are not distracting. This helps players still focus on the gameplay. The particles make the boulder feel heavier and more realistic.

How can visual effects help communicate gameplay information to the player?

Visual effects help show what is happening in the game. They can show danger, like dust or breaking objects. This helps players know when to move or be careful. It makes the game easier to understand without words. Good effects help players react faster and play better.

Timed Gate

How does the timed element make this challenge feel different from Sweeper Arm and Boulder Hill?

The timed element makes the challenge feel more stressful because you have to act fast. In Sweeper Arm and Boulder Hill, you mostly react to moving objects, but here you also watch the clock. It adds pressure since you can’t just wait for the perfect moment. You have to move at the right time or you fail. This makes the challenge feel more intense and fast-paced.

What adjustments would you make to the open duration to balance difficulty?

I would make the open time a little longer so players have a better chance to react. If it’s too short, it can feel unfair and frustrating. I might also slowly decrease the open time as the level goes on to make it harder. Another idea is to add a clear pattern so players can learn the timing. This helps balance the challenge while still keeping it fun.

How can timing-based obstacles increase tension without feeling unfair?

Timing obstacles increase tension by making players wait for the right moment to move. To keep it fair, the timing should be consistent and easy to learn. Players should be able to see when something is about to happen. Giving small clues, like sounds or animations, can help them react. This way, it feels challenging but not random or impossible.

Abandoned Village

How did you decide which props and obstacles to use in your village course?

I picked props that matched the village theme so everything felt connected and realistic. I used things like houses to make it look lived-in. For obstacles, I chose ones that fit naturally, like spikes. I also made sure they weren’t too random so players could understand them easily. This helped the level feel both fun and believable.

What changes did you make to balance the gate duration with the path length?

I adjusted the gate timing based on how long it takes to run the path. If the path was longer, I made the gate stay open a little more. If it was short, I made it close faster to keep the challenge. I tested it a few times to see if it felt fair. This helped make sure players had a real chance without it being too easy.

How does the “escape before the gate shuts” mechanic create a different kind of tension than previous challenges?

This mechanic creates tension because you feel like you’re racing against time. In other challenges, you mostly avoid things, but here you are trying to beat something. It makes players feel more pressure to move quickly. There is also a risk of getting trapped, which adds stress. This makes the challenge feel more urgent and exciting.

Enemy Tower

How did ranged attacks change how you tested your level compared to previous challenges?

Ranged attacks made testing feel more unpredictable because danger could come from far away instead of just nearby obstacles. I had to pay more attention to line of sight and how early the player gets attacked. It also made me test different paths to see if some routes were too easy or too hard. I needed to check if players had enough time to react before getting hit. Overall, testing focused more on fairness and timing instead of just movement.

What adjustments might you make to the tower’s sensing distance or fire rate?

I might lower the sensing distance if the tower starts attacking too early and feels unfair. If players can’t react in time, I would slow down the fire rate so they have a chance to dodge. On the other hand, if it feels too easy, I could increase the fire rate a little. I would also test different combinations to find a good balance. The goal is to make it challenging but still possible to beat.

Why does adding a visible enemy in the tower make the mechanic more immersive?

A visible enemy helps players understand where the attacks are coming from. It makes the game feel more realistic instead of random shots appearing out of nowhere. Players can connect the action to a character, which adds to the story of the level. It also gives a clear warning so players can plan their moves better. This makes the experience feel more fair and engaging.

Predict Movement

How does changing ProjectileSpeed affect the predicted aim point and the player’s dodge options?

When you increase ProjectileSpeed, the predicted aim point gets closer to the player’s current position because the projectile reaches them faster. This makes it harder to dodge since players have less time to react. If the speed is slower, the tower has to “lead” the shot more, aiming further ahead of where the player is moving. That actually gives players more chances to dodge by changing direction. Faster shots feel more intense, while slower ones feel more readable. So ProjectileSpeed directly controls how fair or punishing the attack feels.

What values would you tweak first (AimOffset, Sensing Interval, Z offset) to make towers feel fair but challenging - and why?

I would tweak the Sensing Interval first because it controls how often the tower updates its aim. If it updates too fast, it feels like the tower has perfect tracking, which is unfair. Next, I would adjust AimOffset to make shots slightly miss or not be perfectly accurate, giving players a chance to survive. Finally, I’d tweak the Z offset so the shots aren’t always hitting the exact center of the player. These small changes make the tower feel less robotic and more balanced. Together, they help keep the challenge without making it frustrating.

If you turned gravity on for projectiles, what parts of today’s prediction approach would need to change?

If gravity is turned on, the projectile won’t travel in a straight line anymore, so the prediction system has to account for a curved path. You would need to aim higher than the target so the projectile can fall onto them. The timing calculations would also change because the projectile slows down vertically as it rises and falls. This means the simple “lead the target” method wouldn’t be enough anymore. You’d need a more advanced prediction that includes arc and drop.

Tower & Potion Imp

Which per-tower variable (SightRadius, VisionAngle, TimeBetweenThrows) had the biggest impact on fairness - and why?

TimeBetweenThrows had the biggest impact on fairness because it controls how often the player is under pressure. If the tower shoots too quickly, it feels overwhelming and hard to avoid. Slowing it down gives players time to react and plan their movement. SightRadius matters too, but it mostly affects when the fight starts, not how intense it feels. VisionAngle helps with realism, but it doesn’t change difficulty as much as attack timing. So adjusting TimeBetweenThrows makes the biggest difference in making the game feel fair.

What advantages did OnComponentHit provide over overlap events for fast projectiles?

OnComponentHit is more reliable for fast projectiles because it detects actual physical collisions instead of just overlaps. Overlap events can sometimes miss when objects move really fast, which makes hits feel inconsistent. With OnComponentHit, you get a clear impact point and normal, which helps with effects and damage. It also makes the game feel more accurate and responsive. This is important for fairness because players expect hits to match what they see. Overall, it reduces bugs and confusion.

How do the explosion VFX change player readability (did I get hit? where did it land?) and how would you iterate on timing/color/scale to improve it further?

Explosion VFX make it much clearer where the projectile landed and if the player got hit. Without them, it can feel confusing or random. Bright colors and quick flashes help grab attention so players notice impacts right away. To improve it, I would adjust the timing so the effect appears instantly when the projectile hits. I would also tweak the color to contrast with the environment and scale it so it’s big enough to see but not blocking vision. This helps players understand what happened and react better next time.

Guarded Marketplace

Where did overlapping sight cones create the right kind of tension and where did it become unfair?

Overlapping sight cones felt good when they covered short sections where players had to move quickly and think about timing. It created tension because you had to watch multiple towers at once but still had a way out. It became unfair when the overlap lasted too long or covered a whole path with no safe space. In those spots, players could get hit no matter what they did. Good overlap gives pressure but still leaves a clear escape route. Bad overlap feels like there’s no winning option.

Which props or blockers most effectively guided players along your intended route, and why?

Walls and large rocks worked best because they naturally blocked off other paths and pushed players forward. Barriers and fences also helped by making the “correct” path more obvious. I used cover objects like crates to show safe spots where players could stop and plan. These props guide players without needing arrows or signs. They make the level feel more natural while still controlling movement. Good placement makes players follow the path without even realizing it.

After playtesting, what single adjustment (angle, radius, tower position, or cover placement) most improved fairness without killing challenge?

Adjusting the tower position helped the most because it changed how players approached the area. Moving a tower slightly could open up safer paths while still keeping pressure on the player. It made the challenge feel more balanced instead of overwhelming. Small position changes also helped reduce unfair overlaps. Players still had to think and move carefully, but it didn’t feel impossible. This kept the challenge fun instead of frustrating.

Adjusting Feedback

What changes did you decide to make based on peer feedback, and why?

Based on peer feedback, I made the first jump easier by lowering the height and making the landing area bigger. People said it was too hard at the start and made them fail right away. I wanted players to learn the game first instead of getting frustrated. I also made the spacing between platforms a little shorter. These changes help new players get into the level more smoothly. It keeps the challenge but makes the start feel more fair.

How did the feedback confirm or challenge your own ideas about your course?

The feedback confirmed that my level was a little too difficult at the beginning. I thought it might be challenging, but I didn’t realize how frustrating it felt for others. Hearing multiple people say the same thing showed me it wasn’t just one opinion. It challenged my idea that a hard start would make the level more exciting. Instead, it showed that players need a smoother introduction. This helped me rethink how difficulty should increase over time.

Looking back, what part of your challenge zone feels most improved after these updates?

The beginning of the challenge zone feels the most improved after the updates. It now feels more fair and easier to understand. Players can get past the first obstacle and continue instead of getting stuck. This makes the whole level flow better. It also gives players more confidence as they move forward. Overall, the start now sets a better tone for the rest of the course.

Decorate World

What area did you choose to expand or decorate, and why?

I expanded the gems in my level to make them more noticeable and rewarding. Before, they were kind of spread out and easy to miss. I wanted players to feel encouraged to explore and collect them. Making the gems more visible also helps guide players along the path. It gives them a clear goal while moving through the level. This change makes the level feel more engaging.

How do your changes affect the way players experience or understand the challenges?

The expanded gems help players understand where to go because they act like a path. Players will naturally follow them while avoiding obstacles. It also makes the level feel more fun because collecting gems is satisfying. The challenges feel more connected instead of random. Players can focus on both surviving and collecting at the same time. This makes the experience smoother and more interesting.

How do you balance decoration with gameplay so the player doesn’t get lost or distracted?

I balance it by placing gems in a way that supports the main path instead of distracting from it. I don’t put too many gems in random places that could confuse players. I also keep important areas clear so players can see obstacles easily. The gems stand out, but they don’t block the view. This keeps the level fun without being overwhelming. It helps players stay focused while still exploring.

Unit Introduction 

Which of the three systems - UI, cutscenes, or sound - do you think has the biggest impact on how players feel while playing your game, and why?

I think sound has the biggest impact on how players feel while playing the game because it can change the mood really quickly. Music and sound effects can make The Valley feel calm, scary, or intense depending on what’s happening. It also helps players understand danger, like hearing a turret or explosion before they see it. Without sound, the game would feel empty and less exciting. That’s why sound has the strongest effect on the player’s emotions.

How do you plan to use these tools to make The Valley more immersive and emotionally powerful in the next lessons?

I plan to use sound, UI, and cutscenes together to make The Valley feel more immersive and emotional. I’ll use calm music and nature sounds at the start to show it’s peaceful, then switch to more intense sounds when hazards appear. I’ll keep the UI simple so it helps the player without getting in the way. I also want to add short cutscenes to show Richard leaving his home and how the Valley is changing. These moments will help players understand the story better. All of this will make the game feel more real and meaningful.

Main Menu

What was the most important connection you learned between widgets, levels, and controllers when building your main menu?

The most important connection I learned is that widgets don’t work by themselves—they need the Player Controller to create them and control how they show on the screen. The controller connects the widget to the game, like when you press a button to load a level. The level is what actually changes when the player starts the game, but the widget is what lets them choose to do that. All three parts have to work together or the menu won’t function properly. This helped me understand how the UI is connected to gameplay, not just visuals.

How does adding a background image or visual style change the way players experience your game’s first screen?

Adding a background image or visual style makes the first screen feel more complete and interesting. It gives players a strong first impression and sets the mood for the game right away. For example, showing The Valley can make it feel calm but also hint at danger. It also helps players understand the theme and style of the game before they even start playing. Without it, the menu would feel plain and unfinished. A good visual makes players more excited to continue.

Pause Menu

What part of the pause system was most important for making the menu feel responsive and reliable during gameplay?

The most important part was making sure the game pauses instantly and the menu appears right away when the player presses the button. This makes the system feel responsive and dependable. I also had to make sure input switches correctly so the player can use the menu without the game still moving in the background. If that didn’t work, it would feel broken or confusing. Testing it multiple times helped make sure it always worked the same way. This consistency is what makes the pause system feel reliable.

How do you think players experience a pause menu that fits naturally into the game’s world and flow?

Players experience a pause menu that fits naturally as smooth and not distracting. It feels like part of the game instead of something separate or out of place. When the style matches the world, it keeps the player immersed instead of breaking the mood. It also makes pausing feel quick and easy without confusion. Players can take a break and jump right back in without losing focus. This helps the game feel more polished and enjoyable.

Select Levels

How does storing and switching between multiple widgets in the Player Controller make your UI system more efficient and flexible?

Storing and switching between multiple widgets in the Player Controller makes the UI system more efficient because you don’t have to recreate menus every time. Instead, you can reuse and manage them from one place, which saves time and reduces bugs. It also makes the system more flexible since you can easily switch between menus like the main menu, pause menu, and level select. This keeps everything organized and easier to update. It also helps the game run smoother because you’re not constantly creating new widgets. Overall, it makes the UI cleaner and more reliable.

What feeling do you want players to have as they move seamlessly from one level to the next in your game?

I want players to feel a smooth and natural flow as they move from one level to the next. It should feel like they’re continuing a journey, not restarting something new each time. I also want them to feel excited and curious about what’s coming next. The transitions should feel quick and not confusing so they stay focused. At the same time, there should be a sense of progress, like they’re getting deeper into the story. Overall, it should feel connected, immersive, and rewarding.

Boulder Sound Effects

How does using attenuation and distance-based audio make your game world feel more realistic compared to fixed-volume sounds?

Using attenuation and distance-based audio makes the game feel more realistic because sounds change depending on how close the player is. When the player moves farther away, the sound gets quieter, and when they move closer, it gets louder. This feels more natural than fixed-volume sounds that stay the same no matter where the player is. It also helps players tell where sounds are coming from in the world. Overall, it makes the environment feel more immersive and alive.

How did today’s work with sound design change the way you think about how audio influences the player’s experience?

Today’s work with sound design showed me that audio is a big part of how players experience a game. Sound can create mood, tension, and excitement while the player explores the level. Adding sound effects made the game feel more complete and polished. I also realized that players use sound to understand what is happening around them. After today, I think audio is just as important as graphics for making a game enjoyable.

Ambient Sounds

How does random timing and sound variation make ambience feel more natural?

Random timing and sound variation make ambience feel more natural because sounds do not repeat in the exact same way every time. In real life, sounds happen at different times and with small changes in volume or pitch. Adding variation keeps the background audio from feeling robotic or repetitive. It also helps the game world feel more alive and believable to the player. Overall, random sounds make the environment feel more immersive and realistic.

When you think about your favorite games, what kinds of background or ambient sounds made the world feel alive, and how could you recreate that feeling in your own project?

Some of my favorite games use sounds like wind, birds, water, footsteps, and distant voices to make the world feel alive. These sounds make the environment feel active even when nothing important is happening. Music and background effects also help create different moods in each area of the game. I could recreate that feeling in my own project by adding ambient sounds that match the setting of my level. Using distance-based audio and sound variation would also help make the world feel more realistic and immersive.

Pendulum Sound Effects

How does connecting MetaSounds to Blueprint events make a game feel more reactive and alive?

Connecting MetaSounds to Blueprint events makes the game feel more reactive because sounds happen instantly when players interact with something. This helps the player feel like their actions have an effect on the world around them. For example, hearing sounds when opening doors, collecting items, or triggering traps makes gameplay feel more dynamic. It also adds feedback that helps players understand what is happening in the game. Overall, linking sounds to events makes the world feel more alive and interactive.

What kinds of small audio details make you feel the most impact or tension when you play a game?

Small audio details like footsteps, breathing, creaking doors, and distant noises create a lot of tension in games. Sudden sound effects or changes in music can also make important moments feel more intense. Quiet background sounds can make players feel nervous because they expect something to happen. I also think sounds that react to danger, like alarms or heartbeat effects, add excitement and pressure. These little details make the game feel more emotional and immersive.

Background Music

How does using Blueprint Interfaces make it easier to connect different systems in a game?

Using Blueprint Interfaces makes it easier to connect different systems because they let Blueprints communicate without being directly connected to each other. This keeps the project more organized and flexible when adding new features. It also saves time because the same interface can work with many different actors or objects. For example, multiple objects can react to the same event without needing separate code for each one. Overall, Blueprint Interfaces help make game systems work together more smoothly and efficiently.

When have you noticed background music change in a game, and how did it affect how you felt while playing?

I notice background music changes a lot during important moments like boss fights, dangerous areas, or emotional scenes. Faster or louder music usually makes me feel nervous and excited during action. Calm music can make exploration feel relaxing and peaceful. Sometimes music suddenly stopping can also create tension because it feels like something bad is about to happen. These changes in music help control the mood and make the gameplay experience more emotional and immersive.

Level 1 Cutscene

How does controlling music transitions through Blueprints improve the player’s experience during a cutscene?

Controlling music transitions through Blueprints improves the player’s experience because the music can change smoothly during important moments. This helps scenes feel more cinematic and emotional instead of awkward or sudden. It also lets the music match what is happening on screen, like action, danger, or calm moments. Smooth transitions make the cutscene feel more polished and professional. Overall, it helps players stay more connected to the story and atmosphere.

When have you noticed a game use music to guide your emotions or signal a shift in gameplay, and what effect did it have on you?

I notice games change music during boss fights, emotional scenes, or dangerous moments. Fast and intense music usually makes me feel excited or stressed during action scenes. Calm music makes exploration feel peaceful and relaxing. Sometimes music suddenly becoming quiet can make me feel nervous because it signals danger. These music changes help control the mood and make the gameplay experience more emotional.

Level 2 (Part 1) Cutscene

What did you find most difficult about creating smooth camera movement across multiple rails and shots?

The hardest part about creating smooth camera movement was making the transitions between shots look natural. Sometimes the camera moved too fast or changed direction too suddenly. I also had to make sure the timing matched the scene and did not confuse the player. Adjusting the rails and camera angles took a lot of testing to make everything flow correctly. In the end, smooth movement made the cutscene feel more cinematic and professional.

How did planning separate sequences for each area change the way you think about pacing in a cutscene?

Planning separate sequences helped me understand how pacing affects the player’s experience. Different areas needed different camera speeds and timing depending on the mood of the scene. Breaking the cutscene into sections also made it easier to organize and improve each part. I learned that slower moments can build tension while faster moments create excitement. Overall, pacing helps keep the player interested and makes the story easier to follow.

Level 2 (Part 2) Cutscene

What technical adjustments made the biggest difference when you combined your sequences and added music or animation?

The biggest technical adjustments were fixing the timing between sequences and matching the music with the animations. Small changes to camera movement and transitions made the cutscene feel much smoother. Adjusting audio levels also helped important sounds and music stand out more clearly. I also had to make sure animations played correctly without awkward pauses or glitches. These changes made the final cutscene feel more polished and complete.

How does your final cutscene reflect the mood or story you want the player to experience at the start of Level 2?

My final cutscene reflects the mood of Level 2 by showing the environment and atmosphere before gameplay begins. The camera angles, music, and animations help create a feeling of excitement and tension. I wanted players to feel curious about what would happen next in the level. The slower shots help build suspense while the music sets the emotional tone. Overall, the cutscene helps introduce the world and prepare players for the challenges ahead.

Final Polish

Describe the changes you made, what you learned, and what you’re most proud of in your project’s presentation.

I made changes to the lighting, sound effects, camera movement, and environment details to improve the presentation of my project. I learned that small details can make a big difference in how professional a game feels. Testing and adjusting different parts of the level helped make the gameplay smoother and more immersive. I am most proud of how the cutscenes and sound design came together to create a better atmosphere. Overall, the final polish made the project feel more complete and enjoyable to play.

Reflect on how these finishing touches elevate your game from a student project to something that feels professional.

The finishing touches made the game feel more polished and realistic compared to an unfinished project. Better lighting, sound, and smoother transitions helped improve the overall quality of the experience. Adding details and fixing small problems made the world feel more immersive for players. It also showed the importance of presentation and how players notice small improvements. These changes helped the game feel closer to something players would expect from a real game studio.

Package Game

What did you learn about the connection between project organization and a successful export?

I could not say, because I could not package the game 

How did it feel to see your game running as a standalone application for the first time?

I could not say, because I could not package the game 

My Red Thread

What connects the different parts of your creative work - what is your red thread? 

The red thread that connects my creative work is creating an immersive and exciting experience for the player. Throughout my project, I focused on atmosphere, tension, and making the world feel alive through visuals, sound, and gameplay. My cutscenes, music, and level design all work together to create a consistent mood. I wanted players to feel engaged and curious as they moved through the game. Overall, the main connection in my work is building an experience that feels cinematic and interactive.

Which design or storytelling choices represent you the most clearly? 

The design choices that represent me the most are the sound design, cinematic camera work, and environmental details. I enjoy creating scenes that feel dramatic and immersive for the player. I also focused on making the gameplay feel smooth and connected to the story through music and visuals. The darker atmosphere and tense moments reflect the type of game experiences I enjoy creating. These choices show my interest in making games that feel emotional and engaging.

Why do you think those choices feel authentic to who you are?

These choices feel authentic to me because they match the kinds of games and stories I personally enjoy. I like games that create strong moods and make players feel immersed in the world. Adding cinematic moments and detailed sound design helped me express my creativity in a way that feels natural to me. I also enjoy creating experiences that keep players interested and emotionally connected. Because of this, the choices I made feel personal and true to my style.

How could your red thread evolve as you continue learning and creating? 

My red thread could evolve by becoming more detailed and creative as I learn new skills in game development. I want to improve my storytelling, animations, and sound design so my projects feel even more immersive. In the future, I could also experiment with different themes, emotions, and gameplay styles while still keeping my focus on atmosphere and player experience. Learning more advanced tools could help me create more cinematic and professional projects. Overall, my creative style will continue to grow while still focusing on making engaging experiences for players.