Spilling waves occur when the top of the wave tumbles down the front of the wave. Spilling waves are generally the safest waves.

Surging waves may never actually break as they hit the shore. These waves are normally around rock ledges that face into deep water. Surging waves do not gain speed or loose height they carry people into deep water. They can be very dangerous waves especially around cliff faces.

Plunging waves break with tremendous force and can easily throw a swimmer to the bottom of the ocean. They usually break in shallow water.

Wind is formed by the time that the wind blows for, distance/fetch and the intensity of wind.

Sky

1. Rain

2. Extreme winds

3. Sunburn

4. Hail 

5. Lighting

Land

1. Hot sand

2. Rocks

3. Stairs/boardwalks

4. People

5. Sharp rubbish

Water

1. Waves

2. Wildlife

3. Rips

4. Deep water

5. Other surfers or swimmers

• return to shore

• remain stationary

• go to the left or right

• proceed further out to sea

• help

• message clear