Betel Nuts in the Philippines. In the Philippines, betel leaf and areca nut chewing used to be a very widespread cultural custom. In Tagalog, betel nut-chewing is colloquially known as buyo, bunga, hitso, or nga nga (which means “to chew”). In Ilocano, it is known as bua, maman or mama.  Offering betel nut is a customary way of showing respect, gratitude, or friendship among the Ifugao. It's a gesture of goodwill and is often exchanged during visits, meetings, or negotiations.  etel nut is typically chewed along with betel leaf (known as ikmo in Ifugao) and slaked lime. Sometimes, tobacco or spices are added to enhance the flavor. The mixture produces a stimulating effect similar to that of caffeine, but it can also have health consequences, particularly for dental health. Betel nut plays a central role in various ceremonies and rituals within the Ifugao culture. It's commonly used in wedding ceremonies, as well as in rituals related to birth, death, however, we've seen Ifugao people that they are using it everyday.  Chewing betel nut is often a communal activity, bringing people together for conversations, storytelling, and bonding. It's not just about the nut itself but also about the shared experience and the connections it fosters within the community. In addition to its cultural significance, betel nut cultivation and trade can also have economic importance for the Ifugao people, providing livelihoods for some members of the community. 

Ifugao customs underscore the importance of harmonious coexistence with nature, rooted in the belief that they are custodians of the land. They prioritize maintaining a balanced relationship with the environment, viewing themselves as stewards entrusted with its care. This sustainable ethos is evident in their agricultural practices and management of natural resources, enabling them to flourish amidst the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Mountains.