Method

Success cases 

1. Peninsular Malaysia 

● Dominant species: Rhizophora apiculata

● Significant differences in carbon storage depending on forest age, with the 80-year-old forest having the highest total carbon at 2205 tC ha−1^-1−1.

● More carbon is stored below ground (BGB) and in the soil than in above-ground biomass (AGB).

● Deep soil depth (up to 3800 cm) allows for long-term carbon sequestration.

2. Southern Vietnam 

● Dominant species: R. apiculata

● Forests of various ages show higher total carbon storage with increased age, e.g., the 35-year-old forest stores 1904 tC ha−1^-1−1.

● More carbon is stored in below-ground biomass and soil than in above-ground biomass.

● The deep soil layer favors carbon storage.

3. Queensland, Australia 

● Dominant species: R. stylosa

● High total carbon storage at 2139 tC ha−1^-1−1, with substantial carbon stored in the soil.

● Deep soil depth (3500 cm) supports long-term carbon sequestration.

Failure cases 

1. Indonesia 

● Dominant species: Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa

● Total carbon storage is relatively low at 437 tC ha−1^-1−1.

● Carbon is stored at shallower soil depths (62–80 cm).

● Despite lower storage, certain areas may exhibit higher carbon levels.

2. Southern Thailand 

● Dominant species: R. apiculata, Ceriops decandra

● Total carbon storage is moderate at 558 tC ha−1^-1−1.

● Soil carbon extends to a depth of 1900 cm, with a balanced distribution between above-ground and below-ground biomass.

-The data presented show that the carbon storage of mangrove forests 

can vary greatly depending on the region, age of the forest, and species composition. -