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I used 2 primary sources, 4 secondary, in addition to a book. For my primary sources I used pictures because there are very few written accounts in English.
Secondary
Secondary
This source describes the conflicting feelings that many felt about the zoos. There is mention of how the onlookers reacted aggressively when the natives wouldn't preform.
Harskamp, J. (2020, September 13). Humans in Zoos: A Long History of "Exotic" People Exhibitions . In New York Almanack.
Retrieved September 2, 2021, from
https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2020/09/humans-in-zoos-a-long-history-of-exotic-pe
Saughton's Glorious . (2015, August 25). In Tales of One City. Retrieved September 3, 2021,
from
https://talesofonecity.wordpress.com/2015/08/25/saughtons-glorious-summer-of-1908/
This article presents what the shows would entail. The natives would compete against each other in different activities, such as archery. These competitions were referred to as the "Savage Olympics."
This provides information on the 70 Senegalese natives that were put on display in 1908.
Zeitler, A. (2017, October 3). Human zoos: When people were the exhibits. In Deutsche Welle .
Retrieved September 2, 2021,
from https://www.dw.com/en/human-zoos-when-people-were-the-exhibits/a-37748193
Kakissis, J. (2018, September 26). Where 'Human Zoos' Once Stood, A Belgian Museum Now
Faces Its Colonial Past. In NPR.
Retrieved September 9, 2021, from
Belgium's past in relation to human zoos.
Primary
People in a human zoo sitting around a fire.
People in a human zoo sitting around a fire.
Human Zoos: A Shocking History of Shame and Exploitation. (2021). In The Things of Nature.
Retrieved September 9, 2021,
https://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/huma
n-zoos-a-shocking-history-of-shame-and
Ota Benga (human zoo victim) smiling.
Ota Benga (human zoo victim) smiling.
Krajicek, D. J. (2019, September 8). A stranger in a
Strange Land, the Sad Story of Ota Benga.
In NY Daily News. Retrieved September 9, 2021,from
https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/ny-
ota-benga-justice-story-20190908-lszsgeez
4beh7cwhkg2b3kijhu-story.html
Book
While this book is not directly related to human zoos, it shows the significance of these being referred to as "zoos" and zoo culture.
Mullan, R., Mullan, B., & Marvin, G. (1987 ). Zoo Culture (Second ed., pp. 1-3). N.p.: George
Weidenfeld & Nicolson Inc..
Retrieved September 9, 2021, from
https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/zVBOThLrEPoC
This book is about the Western view of animals. This ties into my topic because it talks about how zoos are created to feel powerful and in control over a wild creature. This relates to human zoos because they were used as a way to feel dominant over these people. They wanted the natives to know that they had control over them.
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