2019
Global Health Challenges: Antimicrobial Resistance
The Brother Lucian Blersch Endowment and the School of Natural Sciences at St. Edward's University presents
Global Health Challenges: Antimicrobial Resistance
Friday, September 27th, 2019
Jones Global Events Center
9:00 a.m.
Dr. Roberto Viau Colindres (Tufts University):
“The Magnitude of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Importance of Stewardship”
9:55 a.m.
Dr. Maroya S. Walters (US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention):
“US Public Health Response to Contain the Spread of Emerging Antibiotic Resistance”
11:05 a.m.
Dr. Kelli Palmer (University of Texas at Dallas):
“Using CRISPR Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria”
12:05 p.m.
Dr. Paul Turner (Yale University):
“Harnessing Phage Biodiversity to Treat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections”
1:30-3:30 p.m. Lucian Poster Session, JBWN
Roberto Viau Colindres, MD is Assistant Professor in Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases at the Tufts University School of Medicine’s Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance. His research is aimed at gram negative resistance and antibiotic stewardship. Dr. Viau Colindres received his undergraduate degree and MD from the Universidad Francisco Marroquin in Guatemala, and his internal medicine residency at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He completed an infectious disease fellowship at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and the Cleveland VA Medical Center. His ultimate goal is to decrease antimicrobial resistance by increasing effective antibiotic stewardship.
Maroya Spalding Walters, PhD, ScM is an Epidemiologist and leads the Antimicrobial Resistance Team in the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). Dr. Walters completed a B.A. in Chemistry at Carleton College, and a Master of Science in Epidemiology and Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, both from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. She joined the Epidemic Intelligence Service at the CDC in 2011 and continued at CDC as a staff epidemiologist. Dr. Walters and her team prevent the spread of emerging antibiotic resistance like bacteria harboring carbapenemase enzymes and the drug resistant yeast Candida auris through disease surveillance and public health response activities.
Kelli Palmer, PhD is Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Cecil H. and Ida Green Chair in Systems Biology Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. She received her BS in Microbiology from the University of Oklahoma, and her Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics and Microbiology from the University of Texas at Austin. She then completed her postdoctoral work in Ophthalmology and Microbiology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Palmer works to understand the molecular basis of drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria, with particular focus on the interactions of resistance plasmids with CRISPR-Cas systems.
Paul Turner, PhD, is the Elihu Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University, and faculty member in Microbiology at Yale School of Medicine. He studies the evolutionary genetics of viruses, particularly bacteriophages that specifically infect bacterial pathogens, and RNA viruses that are vector-transmitted by mosquitoes. Dr. Turner received a Biology degree (1988) from University of Rochester, and Ph.D. (1995) in Zoology from Michigan State University. He did postdoctoral training at National Institutes of Health, University of Valencia in Spain, and University of Maryland-College Park, before joining Yale’s Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department in 2001. His service to the profession includes Chair of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Division on Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, as well as membership on the ASM Committee on Minority Education, and multiple National Research Council advisory committees. Dr. Turner was elected Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, and Councilor of the American Genetic Association. Dr. Turner has served as Director of Graduate Studies and as Chair of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department at Yale, as well as Yale’s Dean of Science.
Alexander Fleming revolutionized medicine in 1928 when he accidentally discovered penicillin. After the isolation and purification of this compound, infections that had proved fatal could now be effectively treated. The ensuing antibiotic revolution resulted in the isolation and synthesis of numerous additional antimicrobial drugs. Infectious diseases became less deadly and many life-saving medical procedures such as organ transplantation and cancer treatment became possible. In the US, for example, life expectancy rose from 47 years in 1900 to 74 years in 1980.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the ability of microbes to resist the effects of drugs to which they were initially sensitive, poses a major threat to this progress. At least 2 million people in the US are now sickened by AMR infections each year, and more than 23,000 are killed. Furthermore, AMR infections have cost the US health system an extra 20 billion dollars so far. AMR can naturally occur through exposure to microbes that produce antimicrobial agents in the environment that inhibit the growth of sensitive microbes. Other sources of AMR include over-prescription and improper use of antibiotics for people, feeding antibiotics to livestock, the application of antimicrobial substances on crops and the presence of antibiotic waste in the environment. All these practices inadvertently select for microbes that can grow in the presence of these substances.
It is estimated that if no action is taken by 2050, the burden of AMR deaths could reach 10 million lives each year globally, costing over 100 trillion US dollars. One death due to AMR would occur every three seconds and many medical procedures would no longer be practical. Invasive surgeries, cancer chemotherapy or organ transplantation would all leave the patient too vulnerable to infection.
The “one-health” approach recognizes the complex interrelations between humans, animals and the environment when addressing the AMR challenge. It is imperative that we find ways to effectively steward the use of current antibiotics while supporting the search for new drugs. Additionally, new ways of combatting AMR that do not involve antibiotics are imperative including the use of the bacterial gene editing system, CRISPR and the use of bacteriophages (which are viruses that infect bacteria). This is a serious problem that has a direct impact on people, animals and the environment globally.