1. Phonological Awareness

• “Phonological Awareness is the ability to identify, think about and mentally manipulate the parts of words, including spoken syllables, onsets and rimes, and phonemes”. Louisa Moats (2010)

2. Word Work: Phonics, Word Recognition, and Spelling

• Phonics: the knowledge of letter-sound correspondence needed for reading and spelling words.

• Word Recognition: the ability to read and understand the words on a page

• Spelling: the ability to use letter-sound correspondences to write words

3. Fluency

• Fluency: the ability to read with accuracy, automaticity, and prosody.

• Accuracy: the ability to correctly and consistently identify words in a text

• Automaticity: the ability to recognize words effortlessly

• Prosody: the ability to read with expression, including phrasing, intonation, and emphasis

4. Comprehension

• Comprehension: the ability to extract and construct meaning while listening and reading using knowledge of words, concepts, facts, and ideas

5. Vocabulary

• Vocabulary: the ability to acquire, understand, and use language to listen, speak, read, and write

6. Writing and Language

• Writing: the ability to compose a meaningful text using conventions of standard English: grammar, usage, mechanics

• Language: the ability to communicate meaning using structure and elaboration

7. Small Groups

• Small group instruction targets students’ needs by lowering the ratio of teacher to student interaction in order to more effectively provide strategies and feedback.

8. Designated ELD

• Designated ELD is a protected time during the regular school day to support English learners in developing the language needed to gain access and be successful in grade level academic tasks across all content areas. ELD standards are used as the focal standards during DELD in a way that builds into and from content instruction.