Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, Neo-Gothic or Jigsaw Gothic, and when used for school, college, and university buildings as Collegiate Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England

The Arts and Crafts movement was an international movement in the decorative and fine arts that began in Britain and flourished in Europe and North America between 1880 and 1910,^[1]emerging in Japan in the 1920s. It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and was essentially anti-industrial.^[2][3][4] It had a strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was displaced by Modernism in the 1930s,^[5] and its influence continued among craft makers, designers, and town planners long afterwards.^[6]

challenge our notions of what defines a work of art.

difficult to classify—is it an art or a science?

Although the principle of the camera was known in antiquity, the actual chemistry needed to register an image was not available until the nineteenth century.

Artists from the Renaissance onwards used a camera obscura (Latin for dark chamber),

he invention of a light sensitive surface by Frenchman Joseph Nicéphore Niépce that the basic principle of photography was born.

technological improvements speed - 8 hours, resolution- changing conditions and permanence over exposure hypo.

Taken using a camera obscura to expose a copper plate coated in silver and pewter

daguerrotype in 1839, which significantly reduced exposure time and created a lasting result, but only produced a single image.

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Gras (1826)

Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot calotype method 1841. paper negative, and new technology that involved the transformation of the negative to a positive image, allowing for more that one copy of the picture.

The remarkable detail oThe Open Door (1844) which captures the view through a medieval-looking entrance. The texture rustic broom e minute details

collodion method- 3-5 minutes but had to be done quickly - portable darkroom needed

lampooned by Honoré Daumier in his Nadar Elevating Photography to the Height of Art (1862). Nadar- first aerial photographs

1867 a dry glass plate was invented

1878, exposure time to 1/25th of a second, no tripod.

Muybridge Designed to settle the question of whether or not a horse ever takes all four legs completely off the ground during a gallop = nearly instantaneous exposure.

1888 George Eastman developed the dry gelatin roll film, making it easier for film to be carried. Eastman also produced the first small inexpensive cameras, allowing more people access to the technology.

sing traditional methods of composition and marrying these with innovative techniques,

his discomfort among his peers that prompted him to take a photograph that would become one of the most important in the history of photography

elevate photography to the status of fine art by engaging the same dialogues around abstraction that preoccupied European avant-garde painters:

Could I photograph what I felt, looking and looking and still looking? I saw shapes related to each other. I saw a picture of shapes and underlying that the feeling I had about life. […] … would be a picture based on related shapes and on the deepest human feeling, a step in my own evolution, a spontaneous discovery."

The Steerage suggests that photographs have more than just a “documentary” voice that speaks to the truth-to-appearance of subjects in a field of space within narrowly defined slice of time. Rather, The Steerage calls for a more complex, layered view of photography’s essence that can accommodate and convey abstraction.

The Steerage is not only about the “significant form” of shapes, forms and textures, but it also conveys a message about its subjects, immigrants who were rejected at Ellis Island, or who were returning to their old country to see relatives and perhaps to encourage others to return to the United States with them.

photograph not a political statement, but a place for arguing the value of photography as a fine art.

116. The Saint-Lazare Station, Claude Monet (video, image, additional resources

119. The Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin (essay, image, 3D image, additional resources)

120. The Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh (essay, image, additional resources)

121. The Coiffure, Mary Cassatt (essay, image, additional resources)

122. The Scream, Edvard Munch (essay, image, additional resources)

123. Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?, Paul Gauguin (essay, images, additional resources)

124. Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, Louis Sullivan (essay, images, additionalresources)

125. Mont Sainte-Victoire_, Paul Cézanne (essay, image, additional resources

126. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon_, Pablo Picasso (video, images, additional resources

128. The Kiss, Gustav Klimt (video, image, additional resources)

129. The Kiss, Constantin Brancusi (video, images, additional resources)

130. The Portuguese, Georges Braque (essay, images, additional resources)

131. The Goldfish, Henri Matisse (essay, image, additional resources)

132. Improvisation 28 (second version), Vasily Kandinsky (video, photo, additional resources

133. Self-Portrait as a Soldier, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (essay, image, additional resources

134. Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht, Käthe Kollwitz (essay, image, additional resources)

135. Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier (essay, images, additional resources)

136. Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, Piet Mondrian (essay, image, additional resources)

137. Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan, VarvaraStepanova (essay, image, additional resources)

138. Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure), Meret Oppenheim (essay, quiz, image, additional resources 139. Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright (essay, plans and elevations, images, additionalresources)

140. The Two Fridas, Frida Kahlo (essay, image, additional resources)

141. The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 49, Jacob Lawrence (video-short version, video-long version, photo, additional resources)

142. The Jungle, Wilfredo Lam (essay, image, additional resources)

143. Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park, Diego Rivera (essay, image, additional resources)

144. Fountain, Marcel Duchamp (video, images, additional resources)

145. Woman I, Willem de Kooning (video, images, additional resources)

146. Seagram Building, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson (video,images, additional resources)

147. Marilyn Diptych, Andy Warhol (essay, image, additional resources)

148. Narcissus garden, Yayoi Kusama (essay, image, additional resources)

149. The Bay, Helen Frankenthaler (essay, quiz, image, additional resources)

150. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks, Claes Oldenburg (essay, photo, additional resoures)

151. Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson (video, images, additional resources)

152. House in New Castle County, Robert Ventura, John Rausch and Denise Scott Brown (essay, photos, additional resources)