1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery

1.2 Italian Renaissance

1.3 Northern Renaissance

1.4 Printing

1.5 New Monarchies

1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration

1.7 Rivals on the World Stage

1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange

1.9 Slave Trade

1.10 The Commercial Revolution

1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery

2.1 Contextualizing 16th and 17th Century Challenges and Developments

2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation

2.3 Protestant Reformation Continues

2.4 Wars of Religion

2.5 The Catholic Reformation

2.6 16th Century Society and Politics

2.7 Art of the 16th Century:  Mannerism and Baroque Art

2.8 Causation in the Age Reformation and the Wars of Religion

3.1 Contextualizing State Building

3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development

3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism

3.5 The Dutch Golden Age

3.6 Balance of Power

3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power

3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism

4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

4.2 The Scientific Revolution

4.3 The Enlightenment

4.4 18th Century Society and Demographics

4.5 18th Century Culture and Arts

4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power

4.7 18th Century Culture and Arts

5.1 Contextualizing 18th Century States

5.2 The Rise of Global Markets

5.3 Britain's Ascendency

5.4 The French Revolution

5.5 The French Revolution's Effects

5.6 Napoleon's Rise, Dominance and Defeat

5.7 The Congress of Vienna

5.8 Romanticism

5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th Century States

6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects

6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe

6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects

6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization

6.5 Europe and European Conservatism

6.6 Reactions and Revolutions

6.7 Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements

6.8 19th Century Social Reform

6.9 Institutional Responses and Reform

6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization

7.1 Contextualizing 19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments

7.2 Nationalism

7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions

7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism

7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity

7.6 New Imperialism:  Motivations and Methods

7.7 Imperialism's Global Effects

7.8 19th Century Culture and Arts

7.9 Causation in 19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments

8.1 Contextualizing 20th Century Global Conflicts

8.2 World War I

8.3 The Russia Revolution and Its Effects

8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement

8.5 Global Economic Crisis

8.6 Totalitarianism

8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period

8.8 World War II

8.9 The Holocaust

8.10 20th Century Cultural, Intellectual and Artistic Developments

8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict

9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe

9.2 Rebuilding Europe

9.3 The Cold War

9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge

9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities

9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies

9.7 The Fall of Communism

9.8 20th Century Feminism

9.9 Decolonization

9.10 The European Union

9.11 Migration and Immigration

9.12 Technology

9.13 Globalization

9.14 20th and 21st Culture, Arts and Demographics Trends

9.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Century