Cardinality beyond foundation and choice
Its known that within the perspective of ZF related theories, Scott's definition of cardinality can work under weaker grounds than Von Neumann's! Scott's cardinality works as long as the principle "every set is equinumerous to some well founded set" is in action. Now choice implies that, so it works under choice (even in absence of regularity!), and it can also work in absence of choice and regularity but provided that the above principle is axiomatized.
Can we have a definition of cardinality that is weaker than that of Scott's? That is, it works under all grounds that Scott's cardinality works under, but it can also work at some grounds where Scott's cardinality fails!
Scott's cardinality of a set x is the set of all sets equinumerous to x of the lowest possible rank.
Answer:
The answer is YES!
Let Hαstand for the set of all sets hereditarily strictly subnumerous to ordinal α.
Now for any set x, Hxmin is meant to be the minimal Hα such that there exists an iterative power of it that is supernumerous to x. Formally:
Define: Hxmin=min Hα:∃β[x↣Pβ(Hα)]
Where ‘‘↣"signify "is injective to".
Pβ is defined recursively as:
P∅(x)=x
Pβ+1(x)=P(Pβ(x))
Pβ(x)=⋃({Pα(x):α<β}) if β is a limit ordinal
Now by Pxmin(S)its meant the minimal iterative power
of S that is supernumerous to x. Formally:
Define: Pxmin(S)=min Pβ(S):x↣Pβ(S)
Now we come to define cardinality of a set x,
denoted by ‘‘|x|" as the set of all subsets of Pxmin(Hxmin), that are equinumerous to x. Formally:
Define: |x|={y| y∼x∧y⊆Pxmin(Hxmin)}
Where ∼ signify "is bijective to"
This definition of cardinality can work under grounds weaker than those of Scott's cardinality? The latter demands the assumption that "every set is equinumerous to some well founded set", and under that assumption the cardinality [defined here] of any set would be exactly its Scott's cardinal. But this definition can work even when the above assumption fails, but it requires the statement:
∀x∃α∃β:x↣Pβ(Hα)
which doesn't imply the above assumption!
Note: by well founded set its meant a set whose transitive closure is well founded with respect to ∈.