Pomeranian's Common Symptoms 博美犬常見症狀

（三）流涎

唾液从口腔流出称流涎。流涎不仅仅是口腔、唾液腺、咽及食管疾病的共同症状，还常见于许多疾病的经过之中。如犬有外伤史，一侧口角流涎，有食欲但不采食，犬用舌舔鼻头时，舔不到鼻镜，而只能舔在流涎侧的鼻镜边缘，无其它全身症状，多为流涎侧下颌骨骨折；犬伸颈，烦燥不安，咽或食道拒按，多为食道异物。

（六）异嗜

犬舔食、啃咬无营养价值的非食物物品（如木块、石块、墙土、煤渣、玻璃等）称异嗜。引起异嗜的原因主要有两个方面：营养缺乏，疾病所致。见于钠、钙、磷、钴、铜、铁、锰、硫等矿物元素不足，复合维生素B族缺乏以及某些蛋白质和氨基酸缺乏等营养缺乏症；也见于犬的吸收障碍综合症，慢性消化不良、糖尿病、狂犬病、蛔虫病等疾病。

1．由呼吸道疾病引起的咳嗽，包括咽、喉、气管和支气管等呼吸道粘膜的炎症和分泌物引起剌激而发生的咳嗽。如咽炎、喉炎、喉水种、急性支气管炎、慢性支气管炎等。

2．由肺脏疾病引起的咳嗽，如肺炎、肺充血、肺水肿、肺结核等。

3．由心脏、胸膜、膈肌等其它器官一些疾患引起的咳嗽，如心包炎、胸膜炎、胸膜结核、气胸、膈肿瘤等。

一些病毒性、细菌性传染病、寄生虫病可引起呼吸道、肺、心脏等器官的病变而导致咳嗽发生。

（十）呼吸困难

呼吸困难，是临床上最常见的症状。主要表现为呼吸急促、次数增多、胸廓和腹肌起伏运动或浅表，严重时则随着呼吸活动脊背和肛门也运动。要在临床检查的基础上，根据实验室化验、仪器检查结果，综合分析全身其它症状和呼吸困难的内在联系，找出原发病，是治疗的根本。

[治疗] 治疗原则是治疗原发病、止咳平喘、祛痰消炎和制敏纠酸。

治疗原发病 心源性呼吸困难，用强心剂和营养心肌的药物，如洋地黄制剂、葡萄糖、肌苷、维生素C等；肺源性呼吸困难，用抗菌消炎的药物，如青霉素、阿米卡星、林可霉素等；血源性呼吸困难，如贫血，应给以补血剂，如硫酸亚铁等。源于传染病和寄生虫的，按传染病和寄生虫病的要求治疗。

止咳平喘 常用的止咳的药物有咳必清、复方甘草合剂、科福乐等；平喘药有氨茶碱注射液，肌注或静注。

祛痰消炎 适宜于痰液粘稠不易咳出时，常用药有氯化铵，消炎的药物很多，最好是用鼻液、痰液作药敏试验，根据结果选用抗菌素，联合用药（如青霉素和链霉素合用）效果最好。

制敏纠酸 由过敏反应引起的急性肺水肿、肺气肿等，使用抗过敏药：扑尔敏5～10mg，肌注。氢化可的松，5～20mg，静滴，地塞米松，0。25～5mg，肌注或静滴。呼吸困难，因CO2排出减少，容易引起呼吸性酸中毒，应及时补充碱制剂，如静滴5%碳酸氢钠10～50ml。

（十一）血尿

尿颜色变为红色，尿中含有血液称血尿，血尿分为泌尿路性血尿和非泌尿路性血尿两种。若全身症状重剧，缺乏泌尿系统疼痛症状，沉渣中也无泌尿系统相应节片上皮细胞的为非泌尿路性血尿，应进一步探讨其原发病。反之，则为泌尿路性血尿，应进一步探讨其出血的部位。

非泌尿路性血尿是由全身疾病所引起的，主要是由于凝血机制障碍，或毛细血管内皮细胞损伤，而致红细胞渗漏至尿液中。常见于血斑病、血小板减少性紫癜、血友病、白血病及再生障碍性贫血等全身疾病。

泌尿路性血尿的出血部位通常在肾脏、膀胱和尿道。临床出现肾区疼痛拒按，拱背站立，尿液检查见血液和尿液均匀地混合，一次排出的尿液自始自终都呈深浅一致的红色，尿沉渣中有大量红细胞，肾上皮细胞管形的是肾脏出血。常见于急性肾炎、肾盂肾炎、肾结石等。临床出现排尿疼痛、尿淋漓，尿液检查见血液和尿液不均匀地混合，在一次排出的尿液中，尿色由淡变红，最后一部分尿液呈现较深的红色，尿液中常有多量大小不一的凝血块和坏死组织片为膀胱出血。常见于膀胱炎、膀胱肿瘤、膀胱结石、膀胱癌等。临床出现排尿时转圈、尖叫等排尿带痛症状，尿液检查见血液和尿液不呈均匀的混合，在一次排出的尿液中，仅最初的一部分尿液呈红色，尿沉渣检查见有多量扁平上皮细胞及尾状上皮细胞是尿道出血。常见于尿道炎、尿道结石、前列腺炎等。

[治疗] 及时止血，治疗原发病。

止血 可用安甲环酸，安络血，立止血、酚磺乙胺等。

治疗原发病 源于炎性反应的，选用抗菌消炎药，如氨苄青霉素、先锋霉素等；源于结石的，用中药排石或手术治疗。

（十二）后肢无力

犬两后肢无力，常表现不愿行走，行走时姿势不自然，关节僵直，呈木马状行走，或行走摇晃，不能跳高，或在高处（比如沙发上）欲下不能，抱犬或触摸时犬因疼痛而尖叫，严重者后肢突然瘫痪，两后肢拖地行走，小便失禁或排便困难，便秘等。常见于骨质疏松症、多发性神经根神经炎、胸腰椎楔形变、椎间盘突出、运动失调综合症、犬瘟热后期、弓形体病、新孢子虫病等疾病。

[治疗] 首先在X光、骨密度检查及其它实验室诊断的基础上，采取对因治疗，按摩、针灸、频谱仪照射等。

Disease Medical - common symptoms and prevention of dog 

(A) fever 

Body temperature above the normal range, known as fever. Adult Pomeranian normal body temperature: 37.5 ℃ ~ 38.7 ℃; young Pomeranian normal body temperature: 38.5 ℃ ~ 39.2 ℃. Fever is a common symptom, such as infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, parasitic diseases, poisoning and disease can be fever. 

[Treatment 

1, remove the cause, such as infection fever to remove the source of infection, cold and fever should pay attention to insulation. 

2, the choice for the cause of fever antipyretics, anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory agent, to take physical measures fever. Good Chaihu needles, dipyrone, livestock Shenduqing, thermal Kang, QingKaiLing effects such as fever. Although intramuscular Chaihu prone third type hypersensitivity, but not life-threatening. 

3, symptomatic treatment is rehydration dehydration fever, excitement, anxiety and so on to be calm. 

(Two) and vomiting 

Vomiting is the most common symptom in many diseases appear to be common in canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, canine infectious hepatitis, salmonellosis, roundworms, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, pyometra, prostatitis, gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction, adhesions, etc.; 

Vomiting is a symptom rather than the disease, the treatment must be identified before the primary disease, a fundamental measure to eliminate the primary disease is antiemetic. Must be noted that, to the dog antiemetic antiemetic difficult than giving some, because the dog's vomiting center in the more developed human beings; not all vomiting are required antiemetic, such as certain toxic vomiting, mechanical and vomiting. First, due to the treatment of treatment, such as intussusception have surgery, latching type pyometra hysterectomy, specificity of parvovirus treatment. Meanwhile appropriate use of antiemetics such as metoclopramide, VB6, love Mauer, atropine, chlorpromazine. Followed by symptomatic treatment, such as cardiac, rehydration, diuretic, analgesic and so on. 

(C) salivation 

Said drooling saliva from the mouth outflow. Drooling just common symptoms in the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx and esophagus diseases, but also common in many diseases after being. If the dog has a history of trauma, side of the mouth drooling, loss of appetite, but not eating, the dog licking nose, lick nose, but only in the nose drooling licking the side edges, no other systemic symptoms, mostly under salivation side mandibular fracture; dog Shenjing, restlessness, pharynx or esophagus refused to press, mostly for esophageal foreign body. 

[Treatment] first identify the primary disease, carried out for the primary disease due to treatment, such as food, drug allergies, available chlorpheniramine 5 ~ 10mg intramuscular injection, hypocalcemia, intravenous calcium gluconate 1 ~ 3g, can quickly relieve symptoms. Secondly symptomatic treatment, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate 0.25 ~ 0.5mg. 

(Four) anorexia 

Anorexia is when the dog showed no interest in food, slow speed and reduce feed intake. Anorexia no more than two cases, one is physiological anorexia, permanent teeth found in dogs during estrus, pregnancy reaction, before labor, usually no other symptoms, spirit, body temperature, respiration, urine are normal. Another is the disease of anorexia, it is the early symptoms of the disease, often associated with other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, abdominal pain. Seen in the initial intake too much, stomatitis, dental, gastrointestinal disorders, Quanbing hot, parvovirus enteritis, coronavirus, rotavirus, salmonella and other infectious diseases. 

[Treatment] as physiological anorexia, you can not ignore, or only increased palatability of food on the line. If due to overeating, eating too much, or eating non-digestible food, drugs may be given to help digestion, as Multienzyme 1 to 2, pepsin 0.5 ~ 1g, celebrate the big four - 80000 , oral, and fasted for 24 to 36 hours. Disease anorexia, mainly due to only play a supporting role for treatment, help digestion drugs. 

(Five) on hunger strike 

Hunger is a symptom of more dangerous, is a signal seriously ill, usually late in the disease to appear. Some special master to read the original owner of the dog refused to leave the feed, this hunger strike, it is easy to diagnose, it has no other symptoms. Acute hunger, common in the lower jaw fractures, esophageal foreign body, intestinal obstruction, acute abdomen and so on. Long illness, hunger slowly occurring, found in the latter part of many diseases, such as canine distemper, parvovirus, heart failure, uremia, sepsis. 

[Treatment] to read the Lord and fasting dogs, take care, caress, gradually gained confidence when "soften policy" is not effective, only "restitution" to pay to restore the master. Acute hunger, chronic hunger strike dogs, to be thorough, comprehensive examination to identify the primary disease, to take due to treatment, supportive therapy. Intravenous fluids, nutritional supplements are essential. 

(Six) pica 

Dogs lick, bite no nutritional value non-food items (such as wood, stone, earth walls, cinder, glass, etc.) called pica. The main causes of pica has two aspects: nutritional deficiencies, diseases caused. Seen in sodium, calcium, phosphorus, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, sulfur and other minerals deficiency, vitamin B deficiency and lack of certain nutrients such as protein and amino acid deficiency; also found in dogs malabsorption syndrome, chronic indigestion , diabetes, rabies, ascariasis and other diseases. 

[Treatment] 1. For the cause, adjusting food, deworming, treatment of the primary disease. 2. Oral stomach medicine, vitamins and minerals and other additives. 

(Seven) diarrhea 

Diarrhea is a symptom in the digestive tract, but not necessarily the primary disease of diarrhea in the digestive tract. According to pathogenic factors, diarrhea can be divided into two categories nutritional diarrhea caused by pathogenic microorganisms and diarrhea. Nutritional diarrhea mainly diarrhea, they contain a lot of undigested food, no mucus, blood and parasites, systemic change is not obvious, but there are anorexia, vomiting. Such as a sudden change in food, feeding too much, too much protein (a lot of eggs, milk, meat, feed the dog). Diarrhea caused by pathogenic microorganisms is much more complex, it is also more difficult to diagnose common with canine parvovirus, coronavirus, rotavirus, herpes virus, viral diarrhea; Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and other bacterial diarrhea; roundworm , tapeworms, coccidia and other parasites diarrhea; Moreover, as colitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, pyometra, some toxic diseases have diarrhea. 

[Treatment] nutritional diarrhea, one control to food, using starvation diet, two symptomatic treatment, such as oral multi-enzyme, pepsin and other drugs to help digestion, with a big celebration, norfloxacin, penicillin and other control secondary infection , if necessary, intravenous rehydration. Diarrhea caused by pathogenic microorganisms, the first to be taken due to treatment, such as anti-viral, anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory, de-worming, surgical treatment, while symptomatic treatment, such as rehydration, diarrhea and other convergence. 

(Eight) constipation 

Stool stay too long in the gut, not timely or not excreted called constipation. Cause of constipation, the most common food constipation, constipation and drug-induced constipation certain diseases. Such as long-term feeding animal liver, less crude fiber content slows peristalsis constipation caused; disposable feeding a lot of bones for calcium residue, after water absorption becomes particularly difficult to dry resulting in the feces; thoracolumbar fractures, anal gland inflammation, foreign body colon, rectal cancer, atropine, Marcel Sim benzene, stability, diuretics can cause constipation. 

According defecation, defecation posture, abdominal palpation, digital rectal examination, it is easy to diagnose constipation, but to find the cause of constipation is more difficult to consuming a lot of effort. In addition to the general inspection, the system checks, for X-ray examination when necessary. 

[Treatment] in addition to the result of the treatment, the elimination of the primary disease, but often take symptomatic treatment. Enema: an enema, or warm soapy water 100 ~ 200ml, glycerol 10 ~ 50ml, liquid paraffin 20 ~ 30ml. Laxative: oral glycerol or liquid paraffin oil 10 ~ 20ml, senna soaked orally. Intractable constipation can be taken for surgery. 

(Nine) cough 

Cough is both the main symptoms of the respiratory system, but also a common symptom of some diseases other systems. Cough cough points, three wet cough cough and sore in the morning or at night more severe cough. The main reason is nothing more than a cough three aspects: 

1. Cough caused by respiratory disease, including the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi and other respiratory tract secretions caused by inflammation and cough stimulation occurs. Such as pharyngitis, laryngitis, throat water species, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis. 

2. Cough caused by lung diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, and tuberculosis. 

3. From the heart, pleura, diaphragm and other organs of some diseases caused by coughing, such as pericarditis, pleurisy, pleural tuberculosis, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic tumors. 

Some viral, bacterial diseases, parasitic diseases can cause respiratory tract, lungs, heart and other organs of the disease and causes coughing occur. 

[Therapy] treatment principle is expectorant cough, asthma, and inflammatory causes of treatment. Coughing helps clear mucus and foreign matter within the respiratory tract, is a protective reaction, mild cough or sputum exist, should not use cough medicine. Of frequent violent spasmodic cough, dry cough without sputum or from outside respiratory diseases (such as pleurisy) frequency induced cough should be timely application of antitussives, such as flat will cough, cough flat, cough get better soon, Kefu music, magic cough Lipton, loquat cough syrup. 

(Ten) dyspnea 

Difficulty breathing, is the most common clinical symptoms. Mainly as shortness of breath, increased frequency, thoracic and abdominal undulating movement or superficial, severe respiratory activity, along with the movement back and anus. On the basis of clinical examination, according to laboratory tests, the instrument test results, a comprehensive analysis of systemic symptoms and other breathing difficulties inherent relationship to identify the primary disease, the treatment of the fundamental. 

[Therapy] treatment principle is the treatment of the primary disease, cough and asthma, inflammatory and expectorant correct acid-sensitive system. 

Treatment of the primary disease cardiac dyspnea, and nutrition myocardium with cardiac drugs, such as digitalis preparations, glucose, inosine, vitamin C, etc.; pulmonary dyspnea, antibacterial anti-inflammatory drugs, such as penicillin, Amica Star, lincomycin, etc.; bloodborne breathing difficulties, such as anemia, should give blood agents such as ferrous sulfate. From infectious diseases and parasites, according to the requirements of the treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases. 

Cough cough and asthma drugs commonly used carbetapentane, BM, Kefu and other music; asthma drugs are aminophylline injection, intramuscular or intravenous injection. 

Expectorant and anti-inflammatory suitable for sticky sputum difficult to expectorate, the commonly used drugs are ammonium chloride, a lot of anti-inflammatory drugs, it is best to use nasal fluid, sputum for susceptibility testing, according to the results of selected antibiotics, combination therapy (such as penicillin and streptomycin combination) works best. 

Correct acid-sensitive system caused by allergic reactions, acute pulmonary edema, emphysema, etc., using allergy: chlorpheniramine 5 ~ 10mg, intramuscularly. Hydrocortisone, 5 ~ 20mg, intravenous dexamethasone, 0.25 ~ 5mg, intramuscular or intravenous infusion. Breathing difficulties, due to CO2 emission reduction, likely to cause respiratory acidosis, should be promptly added alkali agents, such as intravenous infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate 10 ~ 50ml. 

(Eleven) hematuria 

Urine color changes to red, urine contains blood called hematuria, hematuria, urinary road into two non hematuria hematuria and urinary way of. If systemic symptoms and drama, the lack of pain urinary system, urinary system and no sediment in the corresponding segments of non-epithelial cells of the urinary road hematuria, should be further explored their primary disease. Conversely, for the urinary road hematuria, should further explore its site of bleeding. 

Non-urinary road hematuria is caused by systemic diseases, mainly due to the clotting mechanism, or capillary endothelial cell damage that may cause red blood cells to leak urine. Common disease in blood spots, thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, leukemia and aplastic anemia and other systemic diseases. 

Road hematuria urinary bleeding site is usually in the kidney, bladder and urethra. Clinical kidney pain refused to press, Arch standing, blood and urine tests to see evenly mixed urine, a urine discharge is consistent from beginning to end radiate shades of red, urinary sediment in a large number of red blood cells, kidney epithelial cells tubular kidney bleeding. Common in acute nephritis, pyelonephritis, kidney stones and so on. Clinical appear painful urination, urine dripping, blood and urine tests to see mixed urine unevenly, in a discharge of urine, urine color from pale red, the last part presents a darker red urine, urine often lot sizes clot and necrotic tissue slices for bladder bleeding. Common in cystitis, bladder cancer, bladder stones, bladder cancer. Clinical circling when urinating, screaming with pain and other symptoms of urination, urine tests do not see the blood and urine were uniformly mixed in a discharge of urine, only the first part of the urine was red, urinary sediment saw a lot of flat epithelial cells and epithelial cells of the urethra caudate bleeding. Common in urethritis, urethral stones, prostatitis. 

[Treatment] timely bleeding, treatment of the primary disease. 

An A ring can be used to stop bleeding acid, an envelope of blood, reptilase, Etamsylate so on. 

Original treatment from the onset of the inflammatory response, the use of antimicrobial anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ampicillin, cephalosporin, etc.; from stones, stone row with medicine or surgery. 

(Twelve) hind limb weakness 

Two dogs hind limb weakness, often show reluctance to walk, unnatural posture when walking, joint stiffness, was Trojan-like walking, or walking shaking, can not jump, or in the height (such as a couch) For the next can not, hold or touch the dog when dog screaming in pain, sudden severe hind limb paralysis, two hind legs dragged walking, urinary incontinence or bowel problems, constipation. Common in osteoporosis, multiple nerve root neuritis, thoracic and lumbar wedging, disc herniation, ataxia syndrome, post-distemper, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and other diseases. 

[Treatment] first on the basis of X-rays, bone density tests and other laboratory diagnosis on taking due to treatment, massage, acupuncture, spectrum analyzer irradiation.

疾病醫療 － 狗狗的常見症狀及防治

（一）發熱

體溫高於正常範圍，稱為發熱。成年博美犬正常體溫：37。5℃～38。7℃；幼年博美犬正常體溫：38。5℃～39。2℃。發熱是一個共同症狀，如傳染病、非傳染病、寄生蟲病、中毒病都可發熱。

[治療

1、除去病因如感染髮熱要除去感染源，寒冷發熱要注意保溫。

2、退熱針對病因選用退熱劑、抗菌消炎劑、採取物理措施退熱。柴胡針、安乃近、畜毒清、熱感康、清開靈等退熱效果好。肌注柴胡雖然易發生第三型變態反應，但無生命危險。

3、對症處理高熱脫水則補液，興奮不安需鎮靜等等。

（二）嘔吐

嘔吐是一種最常見的症狀，在很多疾病中都要出現，常見於犬細小病毒、犬冠狀病毒、犬傳染性肝炎、沙門氏菌病、蛔蟲、胰腺炎、膽囊炎、子宮蓄膿、前列腺炎、胃腸道異物、腸梗阻、腸粘連等；

嘔吐是症狀而不是病，在治療之前必須查明原發病，消除原發病才是止吐的根本措施。必須說明的是，給犬止吐比給人止吐要困難一些，因犬的嘔吐中樞較人類發達；並非所有的嘔吐都需要止吐，如某些中毒性嘔吐、機械性嘔吐等。治療時首先對因治療，如腸套疊必須手術，閉鎖型子宮蓄膿需切除子宮，對細小病毒病進行特異性治療。同時適當使用止吐劑，如胃復安，VB6、愛茂爾、阿托品、氯丙嗪等。其次是進行對症治療，如強心、補液、利尿、止痛等。

（三）流涎

唾液從口腔流出稱流涎。流涎不僅僅是口腔、唾液腺、咽及食管疾病的共同症狀，還常見於許多疾病的經過之中。如犬有外傷史，一側口角流涎，有食慾但不採食，犬用舌舔鼻頭時，舔不到鼻鏡，而只能舔在流涎側的鼻鏡邊緣，無其它全身症狀，多為流涎側下頜骨骨折；犬伸頸，煩燥不安，咽或食道拒按，多為食道異物。

[治療] 首先找出原發病，針對原發病進行對因治療，如食物、藥物過敏，可用扑爾敏5～10mg肌注，低血鈣症，靜脈滴注葡萄糖酸鈣1～3g，可迅速緩解症狀。其次對症治療，如皮下或肌注硫酸阿托品0。25～0。5mg。

（四）厭食

犬厭食時表現為對食物不感興趣、採食速度減慢和採食量減少。厭食不外乎兩種情況，一種是生理性厭食，見於犬換牙期間，發情期、妊娠反應、臨產之前，一般無其它症狀，精神、體溫、呼吸、大小便都正常。另一種是疾病性厭食，它是疾病的初期症狀，往往伴發其它症狀，如發燒、嘔吐、拉稀、咳嗽、腹痛等。見於採食過多、口腔炎、牙病、胃腸道疾病、犬病熱、細小病毒性腸炎、冠狀病毒、輪狀病毒、沙門氏菌病等傳染病的初期。

[治療] 如生理性厭食，可以不必理會，或者僅增加食物的適口性就行了。若源於暴飲暴食、採食過多、或採食不易消化的食物，可給予幫助消化的藥物，如多酶片1～2粒、胃酶0。5～1g，慶大4～8萬，口服，同時禁食24～36小時。對疾病性厭食，主要是對因治療，幫助消化的藥物只能起輔助作用。

（五）絕食

絕食是比較危險的一個症狀，是病重的一個信號，一般在疾病的後期才出現。有些特別念主的犬離開了原主人而拒絕採食，此種絕食，很容易診斷，它無任何其它症狀。急性絕食，常見於下頜骨折、食道異物、腸梗阻、急腹症等。久病不愈，緩慢發生的絕食，見於很多疾病的後期，如犬瘟、細小病毒、心力衰竭、尿毒症、敗血症等。

[治療] 對念主而絕食的犬隻，採取關心、撫愛，逐漸取得信任的“軟化政策”不見效時，只有“物歸原主”，交還原主人。對急性絕食、慢性絕食的病犬，要作徹底、全面的檢查，找出原發病，採取對因治療、支持療法。靜脈補液、補充營養是必不可少的。

（六）異嗜

犬舔食、啃咬無營養價值的非食物物品（如木塊、石塊、牆土、煤渣、玻璃等）稱異嗜。引起異嗜的原因主要有兩個方面：營養缺乏，疾病所致。見於鈉、鈣、磷、鈷、銅、鐵、錳、硫等礦物元素不足，複合維生素B族缺乏以及某些蛋白質和氨基酸缺乏等營養缺乏症；也見於犬的吸收障礙綜合症，慢性消化不良、糖尿病、狂犬病、蛔蟲病等疾病。

[治療] 1。針對病因，調整食物，驅蟲、治療原發病。 2。口服健胃藥，維生素及礦物元素添加劑等。

（七）腹瀉

腹瀉是表現在消化道的一個症狀，但腹瀉的原發病不一定就在消化道。根據致病因素，腹瀉主要可分為營養性腹瀉和病原微生物引起的腹瀉兩大類。營養性腹瀉主要表現腹瀉症狀，便中含有大量未消化的食物，無粘液、血液和寄生蟲，全身變化不明顯，但有厭食、嘔吐症狀。如食物突然改變、飼餵過多、蛋白質過多（大量雞蛋、牛奶、肉類餵犬）。病原微生物引起的腹瀉要復雜得多，診斷起來也比較困難，常見有犬細小病毒、冠狀病毒、輪狀病毒、皰疹病毒等病毒性腹瀉；沙門氏菌、空腸彎桿菌、大腸桿菌等細菌性腹瀉；蛔蟲、絛蟲、球蟲等寄生蟲性腹瀉；此外，如腸炎、膽囊炎、胰腺炎、子宮蓄膿、某些中毒性疾病都有腹瀉症狀。

[治療] 對營養性腹瀉，一是控制給食，採用飢餓療法，二是對症治療，如口服多酶、胃蛋白酶等幫助消化的藥物，用慶大、氟哌酸、青黴素等控制繼發感染，必要時靜脈補液。對病原微生物引起的腹瀉，首先要採取對因治療，如抗病毒、抗菌消炎、驅蟲、進行外科處理等，同時要對症治療，如補液、收斂止瀉等。

（八）便秘

大便在腸道中停留時間過長，不能及時或不能排出體外稱為便秘。便秘的原因很多，最常見的食物性便秘，某些疾病引起的便秘和藥物性便秘。如長期飼餵動物肝臟，粗纖維含量少，腸蠕動減慢而引起的便秘；為補鈣一次性飼餵大量骨渣，水分吸收後變得特別乾燥致使糞便排出困難；胸腰椎骨折，肛門腺炎、結腸異物、直腸腫瘤、阿托品、普魯苯辛、安定、利尿劑等均可引起便秘。

根據排便次數、排便姿勢、腹壁觸診、直腸指診，很容易確診便秘，但要找到便秘的原因較困難，要頗費一番功夫。除一般檢查、系統檢查外、必要時作X線檢查。

[治療] 除對因治療，消除原發病外，常採取對症治療。灌腸：開塞露一支，或溫肥皂水100～200ml、甘油10～50ml、液體石臘20～30ml。輕瀉：口服甘油或液體石臘油10～20ml，番瀉葉泡水內服。對頑固性便秘還可採取手術治療。

（九）咳嗽

咳嗽既是呼吸系統的主要症狀，又是其它系統一些疾病的一個常見症狀。咳嗽分乾咳、濕咳和痛咳三種，早晨或晚上咳嗽較厲害。咳嗽的主要原因不外乎三個方面：

1．由呼吸道疾病引起的咳嗽，包括咽、喉、氣管和支氣管等呼吸道粘膜的炎症和分泌物引起剌激而發生的咳嗽。如咽炎、喉炎、喉水種、急性支氣管炎、慢性支氣管炎等。

2．由肺臟疾病引起的咳嗽，如肺炎、肺充血、肺水腫、肺結核等。

3．由心臟、胸膜、膈肌等其它器官一些疾患引起的咳嗽，如心包炎、胸膜炎、胸膜結核、氣胸、膈腫瘤等。

一些病毒性、細菌性傳染病、寄生蟲病可引起呼吸道、肺、心臟等器官的病變而導致咳嗽發生。

[治療] 治療原則是祛痰止咳、消炎平喘和病因治療。因咳嗽有助於清除呼吸道內的痰液和異物，是一種保護性反應，輕度咳嗽或有痰液存在時，不宜使用止咳藥。對劇烈頻繁的痙攣性咳嗽，無痰乾咳或由呼吸道以外的疾病（如胸膜炎）誘發的頻咳，應及時應用鎮咳藥，如必嗽平、咳平、咳快好、科福樂、神奇咳立頓、枇杷止咳糖漿等。

（十）呼吸困難

呼吸困難，是臨床上最常見的症狀。主要表現為呼吸急促、次數增多、胸廓和腹肌起伏運動或淺表，嚴重時則隨著呼吸活動脊背和肛門也運動。要在臨床檢查的基礎上，根據實驗室化驗、儀器檢查結果，綜合分析全身其它症狀和呼吸困難的內在聯繫，找出原發病，是治療的根本。

[治療] 治療原則是治療原發病、止咳平喘、祛痰消炎和製敏糾酸。

治療原發病心源性呼吸困難，用強心劑和營養心肌的藥物，如洋地黃製劑、葡萄糖、肌苷、維生素C等；肺源性呼吸困難，用抗菌消炎的藥物，如青黴素、阿米卡星、林可黴素等；血源性呼吸困難，如貧血，應給以補血劑，如硫酸亞鐵等。源於傳染病和寄生蟲的，按傳染病和寄生蟲病的要求治療。

止咳平喘常用的止咳的藥物有咳必清、複方甘草合劑、科福樂等；平喘藥有氨茶鹼注射液，肌注或靜注。

祛痰消炎適宜於痰液粘稠不易咳出時，常用藥有氯化銨，消炎的藥物很多，最好是用鼻液、痰液作藥敏試驗，根據結果選用抗菌素，聯合用藥（如青黴素和鏈黴素合用）效果最好。

制敏糾酸由過敏反應引起的急性肺水腫、肺氣腫等，使用抗過敏藥：扑爾敏5～10mg，肌注。氫化可的松，5～20mg，靜滴，地塞米松，0。25～5mg，肌注或靜滴。呼吸困難，因CO2排出減少，容易引起呼吸性酸中毒，應及時補充鹼製劑，如靜滴5%碳酸氫鈉10～50ml。

（十一）血尿

尿顏色變為紅色，尿中含有血液稱血尿，血尿分為泌尿路性血尿和非泌尿路性血尿兩種。若全身症狀重劇，缺乏泌尿系統疼痛症狀，沉渣中也無泌尿系統相應節片上皮細胞的為非泌尿路性血尿，應進一步探討其原發病。反之，則為泌尿路性血尿，應進一步探討其出血的部位。

非泌尿路性血尿是由全身疾病所引起的，主要是由於凝血機制障礙，或毛細血管內皮細胞損傷，而致紅細胞滲漏至尿液中。常見於血斑病、血小板減少性紫癜、血友病、白血病及再生障礙性貧血等全身疾病。

泌尿路性血尿的出血部位通常在腎臟、膀胱和尿道。臨床出現腎區疼痛拒按，拱背站立，尿液檢查見血液和尿液均勻地混合，一次排出的尿液自始自終都呈深淺一致的紅色，尿沉渣中有大量紅細胞，腎上皮細胞管形的是腎臟出血。常見於急性腎炎、腎盂腎炎、腎結石等。臨床出現排尿疼痛、尿淋漓，尿液檢查見血液和尿液不均勻地混合，在一次排出的尿液中，尿色由淡變紅，最後一部分尿液呈現較深的紅色，尿液中常有多量大小不一的凝血塊和壞死組織片為膀胱出血。常見於膀胱炎、膀胱腫瘤、膀胱結石、膀胱癌等。臨床出現排尿時轉圈、尖叫等排尿帶痛症狀，尿液檢查見血液和尿液不呈均勻的混合，在一次排出的尿液中，僅最初的一部分尿液呈紅色，尿沉渣檢查見有多量扁平上皮細胞及尾狀上皮細胞是尿道出血。常見於尿道炎、尿道結石、前列腺​​炎等。

[治療] 及時止血，治療原發病。

止血可用安甲環酸，安絡血，立止血、酚磺乙胺等。

治療原發病源於炎性反應的，選用抗菌消炎藥，如氨芐青黴素、先鋒黴素等；源於結石的，用中藥排石或手術治療。

（十二）後肢無力

犬兩後肢無力，常表現不願行走，行走時姿勢不自然，關節僵直，呈木馬狀行走，或行走搖晃，不能跳高，或在高處（比如沙發上）欲下不能，抱犬或觸摸時犬因疼痛而尖叫，嚴重者後肢突然癱瘓，兩後肢拖地行走，小便失禁或排便困難，便秘等。常見於骨質疏鬆症、多發性神經根神經炎、胸腰椎楔形​​變、椎間盤突出、運動失調綜合症、犬瘟熱後期、弓形體病、新孢子蟲病等疾病。

[治療] 首先在X光、骨密度檢查及其它實驗室診斷的基礎上，採取對因治療，按摩、針灸、頻譜儀照射等。