Investment in communities

Do budgets reflect the importance of communities to biodiversity conservation?

Running some numbers (see below) from budgets in species and landscape action plans from Nepal to check what proportion of project budget supports communities. I am calling this process a “community conservation audit.” Thanks to gender auditing for the idea. It is an interesting way to understand better to what extent and how communities are supported to conserve biodiversity.

When we design community conservation activities, we can follow the verbs to understand which activities are directly supporting communities and which are indirectly supporting them. Activities that promote community as active agents “doing” conservation tend to use verbs like: initiate, create, establish, institute, formalize, strengthen, train, and mobilize. Activities that indirectly support or provide benefits to communities use verbs like: assess, develop, design, provide, conduct, and promote. See activities in posts below for examples.

Posted July 1, 2020

Nepal and Bhutan's Red Panda Action Plans

Next up, action plans for Red Panda Action Plans from Nepal and Bhutan. In brief, Nepal committed 19% of $2.5 million and Bhutan committed 11% of $3.2 million to community-based conservation activities. If community-related activities are included, such as tourism, livelihood, and awareness activities, the percentages rise to 51% in Nepal’s plan and 17% in Bhutan’s plan.

[Activities that are community-based conservation, rather than community-related are in bold.]

In Bhutan’s action plan:

Objective 1: Restore and manage critical red panda habitats within and outside protected areas $1.22m (38% of total budget)

Community-related activities $198,465 (16% of objective budget, 6% of total budget)

Output 1.4: Red panda conservation and community stewardship improved through alternative sustainable livelihood strategy implementation

o Action 1.4.1. Promote community based nature trails and observation points to encourage ecotourism

o Action 1.4.2. Develop diverse ecotourism products and services for visitors in close consultation with tour operators and local communities

o Action 1.4.3. Provide technical support in collaboration with Department of Agriculture to provide intensive agriculture farming

Objective 2: Increase knowledge on red panda conservation and its habitat requirements $344,006 (11% of total budget)

No community activities

Objective 3: Enhance awareness of red panda conservation and its ecological significance $216,327 (7% of total budget)

Community-based conservation activities $158,772 (73% of objective budget, 5% of total budget)

Output 3.2: Red panda knowledge and its conservation significance improved through development of citizen scientists and forest guardians

o Action 3.2.1. Create a group of junior rangers in schools from different grades and engage them in red panda research and conservation programs $13,231

o Action 3.2.2. Institute local forest guardians composed of both genders and engage them in red panda research and conservation programs $13,231

o Action 3.2.3. Provide hands on red panda research and awareness campaigning methodology trainings to junior rangers and local forest guardians $39,693

o Action 3.2.4. Train junior rangers and local forest guardians as nature guide to be engaged as local guide for tourists and visitors $39,693

o Action 3.2.5. Organize exposure tours and exchange visits for junior rangers and local forest guardians to successfully implemented red panda projects and ecotourism areas $52,924

Objective 4: Maintain zero poaching and trafficking incidences of red panda in the country $1.02m (32% of total budget)

Community-based conservation activities $198,465 (19% of objective budget, 6% of total budget)

Output 4.1: Red panda poaching and trafficking in the country maintained at zero incidences

o Action 4.1.1. Strengthen surveillance and intelligence networking using junior rangers, local forest guardians, armed personnel and other relevant stakeholders $99,233

o Action 4.1.4. Implement anti-snare campaigns involving junior rangers and local forest guardians $99,233

Objective 5: Ensure functional landscape for red panda conservation through transboundary collaboration $251,389 (8% of total budget)

No community activities

Monitoring and evaluation $10,331 (0.4% of total budget)

In Nepal’s action plan:

Objective 1: Enhance understanding and knowledge on conservation status, ecology and habitat dynamics of red panda $429,752 (17% of total budget)

No community activities

Objective 2: Curb poaching and illicit trade of red panda $402,066 (16% of total budget)

CBC activities $114,876 (29% of objective budget, 5% of total budget)

· 2.5 Establish and functionalize community based anti-poaching units at local level $82,645

· 2.9 Conduct capacity building program for community based organizations $32,231

Objective 3: Protect and manage the red panda habitat $573,140 (23% of total budget)

CBC activities $285,124 (50% of objective budget, 11% of total budget)

· 3.6 Strengthen community based forest-fire fighting mechanism $49,587

· 3.8 Regulate herding practices: rotational grazing, improved herder's sheds and fuel efficient cooking stoves $115,702

· 3.10 Support CFUGs for red panda habitat improvement $119,385

Objective 4: Strengthen and extend community based red panda conservation initiative $882,231 (35% of total budget)

CBC activities $82,645 (9% of objective budget, 3% of total budget)

· 4.4 Conduct training for local forest users on governance and entrepreneurship $28,926

· 4.5 Train and mobilize selected community members as citizen scientist on red panda monitoring $53,719

Community-related activities $799,547 (91% of objective budget, 32% of total budget)

· 4.1 Evaluate effectiveness of ongoing community based conservation program $6,198

· 4.2 Conduct feasibility study to identify new priority areas in collaboration with state and local level for initiating community based conservation program $12,397

· 4.3 Sensitize and aware local forest users/herders, school children and other stakeholders $51,653

· 4.6 Regulate the use and harvesting of forest resources and grazing and control habitat encroachment $41,322

· 4.7 Develop a red panda based eco-tourism promotion manual $6,198

· 4.8 Promote red panda based tourism $392,562

· 4.9 Develop and promote bamboo and NTFP based enterprises $24,793

· 4.10 Establish information/resource center in support of CFUGs $264,463

Objective 5: Strengthen cooperation and coordination on red panda conservation at national and International level $165,702 (8% of total budget)

No community activities

M&E $10,331 (0.4% of budget)

Posted June 24, 2020

Nepal's Chitwan Annapurna Landscape Strategy 2016-2025

The total budget is $297 million with 14% ($42 million) going toward identifiable community-based conservation activities.

Quick summary of the three primary themes that account for 90% of the budget (details for all themes below):

Theme 1: Ecosystem services and ecological processes $112m (38% of total budget)

Activities that are CBC: $198,347, 0.18% of theme budget, 0.07% of total budget

Theme 2: Forest and other land uses $92m (31% of total budget)

Activities that CBC: $24 million, 26% of theme budget, 8% of total budget

Theme 3: Species of special concern $61m (20.5% of total budget)

Activities that are CBC: $8.9 million, 15% of theme budget, 3% of total budget

CBC activities listed by theme and strategy (strategies with no bullet point items do not have CBC activities):

Thematic area:
1. Ecosystem services and ecological processes $111.5m (38% of total budget)
CBC activities ($198,347, 0.18% of theme budget, 0.07% of total budget):· Promote and protect water use rights among local communities $198,347 2. Forest and other land uses $92m (31% of total budget) CBC activities ($24 million, 26% of theme budget, 8% of total budget): · Facilitating and supporting community, leasehold, collaborative, protected, religious, and private forests $8.26m· Preventing forest fires and creating community-based firefighting units including firefighting trainings and exposure visits $3.9m· Engage communities for participation and stewardship of forests, rangelands and grasslands $2.8m· Engage communities for participation and stewardship of rivers and wetlands $1.6m· Promote sustainable rangeland management, including designated grazing areas to relieve pressure on forests and grasslands $3.1m· Strengthen community-based water management systems and promote water conservation technologies and practices $2.4m· Strengthen government and community capacity and understanding of climate change-integrated forest, grassland, and water management $1.9m 3. Species of special concern $60.7m (20.5% of total budget)
CBC activities ($8.9 million, 15% of theme budget, 3% of total budget):
· Establish community conserved conservation areas to conserve critical forest ecosystems, flora and fauna $157,025· Strengthen capacity of GoN staff, community members and civil society on protection and monitoring techniques $3m· Strengthen capacity of concerned government agencies and civil society stewards to manage PAs, BZs, protection forests, corridors, critical watershed by providing necessary infrastructure, training, and human resources $4.1m· Promote sustainable harvest of NTFPs/ MAPs through community-regulated sustainable harvesting practices reinforced by regulations and monitoring $1.6m 4. Socio-economic prosperity $15.9m (5.4% of total budget) CBC activities ($3.1 million, 20% of theme budget, 1% of total budget):
· Provide required access to resources to local communities and stakeholders, and opportunities for training, skill development, and new knowledge transfer $3.1m 5. Policy and governance $5.63m (1.9% of total budget)
CBC activities ($2.4 million, 42% of theme budget, 1% of total budget):· Support and strengthen capacity of institutions including local organizations and communities to enforce regulatory measures at all levels $2.4m 6. Institutional arrangement for integrated river basin planning and management $0.40m (0.13% of total budget) None 7. Gender equality and social inclusion $1.1m (0.4% of total budget) CBC activities ($524,793, 47% of theme budget, 0.2% of total budget: · Strengthen engagement and roles of women, poor and marginal communities in landscape conservation and development at all levels $289,256· Facilitate/support participation of women, marginalized and socially excluded people in leadership roles in resource governance $235,537 8. Climate change $0.98m (0.3% of total budget)
None
9. Multi-stakeholders’ Capacity Strengthening $3.3m (1.1% of total budget) CBC activities ($1.6 million, 47% of theme budget, 0.5% of total budget): · Provide training opportunities, landscape-wide seminars and workshops, and study tours to local community groups engaged as conservation stewards (e.g., CFUGs, BZUCs, CAMCs, water management committees, CBOs, NGO partners) to increase knowledge, awareness, and analytical capacity, especially for adaptive management to cope with and respond to climate change and disasters $1.6m 10. Infrastructure $0.3m (0.1% of total budget)
None
11. Knowledge management and communication $3.9m (1.3% of total budget)
CBC activities ($785,124, 20% of theme budget, 0.3% of total budget)
· Engage communities in ecosystem and landscape level conservation initiatives through hands on practices, exposure visits, workshops, and interactive meetings $785,124 12. Sustainable financing $0.5m (0.2% of total budget)
None

Posted June 22, 2020

Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2025

The total budget is $281 million with 5% ($14.2 million) going toward identifiable community-based conservation activities.

A landscape plan is more complex than a species plan and activities that involve communities are diverse, with many activities not having a link between communities and biodiversity. Many activities involve communities but do not increase their capacity or participation in biodiversity conservation and many of the activities that involve communities do not have a direct impact on biodiversity. Examples include income generation activities and activities focused on agro-biodiversity and climate change adaptation and resilience. For the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) plan, I have only included identifiable community-based conservation activities and not ones that are more generally community-related without an in situ biodiversity conservation focus.

I use “identifiable” to mean that the activity is described in a way that signals that communities are actively helping to management or conserve biodiversity. For example, “prepare and revise management plans of PAs and BZs” may increase community action participation in conservation, but it could also mean just revising words on paper. Other activities may be community-based but the actor is not specified, so it is not clear if and how communities will be involved. Examples include “support in-situ conservation of rare and protected plant species” or “restore degraded and encroached habitats.” Some activities specify communities, but the level of active participation is not clear. For example, “Engage community in biodiversity conservation in community-managed forest regimes" does not necessarily indicate active involvement. However, I have included activities like this as a CBC activities. In contrast, I do not include activities that use the word “promote” that are not directly related to biodiversity, such as “promote alternative energy sources and fuel efficient technologies.”

At some point, it would be great to capture activities that generally benefit communities as I was able to do with the species action plans, but the diversity of activities is so great with so many involving communities but not necessarily biodiversity, that it would be difficult. Maybe I'll try again later. For now, I am only showing CBC activities.

Quick summary (details for each theme below):

Theme 1: Species and ecosystems strategies $79 million, 28% of total budget

Activities that are CBC: $0.9 million, 1% of objective budget, 0.3% of total budget

Theme 2: Forest and other land use strategies $76.2 million, 27% of total budget

Activities that are CBC: $2.25 million, 3% of objective budget, 0.8% of total budget

Theme 3: Socio-economic well-being strategies $52.5 million, 19% of total budget

Strategies are not given. The list of 19 activities include tourism, income generation, and disaster and climate change. None are CBC.

Theme 4: Enabling conditions and cross-cutting themes $73 million, 26% of total budget

Activities that are CBC: $11 million, 16% of objective budget, 3.9% of total budget

CBC activities listed by theme and strategy (strategies with no bullet point items do not have CBC activities):

Theme 1: Species and ecosystems strategies $79 million, 28% of total budgetActivities that are CBC ($0.9 million, 1% of objective budget, 0.3% of total budget)1.1. Strengthen protected area, buffer zone and other critical forest area management systems · Strengthen capacity of protected area officials and local community on protected area management $180,000· Strengthen capacity of the BZ institutions including community based organizations on institutional development, governance, planning etc. $360,0001.2. Manage rare and endangered flora and fauna species in two major complexes: Shukla-Bardia-Banke in the west and Chitwan-Parsa in the east · Establish community based goral and Bijaya sal conservation areas $100,0001.3. Protect, restore and manage critical habitats · Engage local communities to conserve rivers and flood plains $216,000· Engage community in biodiversity conservation in community managed forest regimes $72,0001.4. Manage grassland, and wetland/rivers 1.5. Create and revise policies, regulations and action plans 1.6. Strengthen coordination among law enforcement agencies 1.7. Mitigate human wildlife conflict 1.8. Ensure adequate environmental flows in the Narayani/East Rapti, Babai, West Rapti, and Karnali rivers for dependent species, habitats, and ecosystems 1.9. Conserve agro-biodiversity Theme 2: Forest and other land use strategies $76.2 million, 27% of total budget Activities that are CBC ($2.25 million, 3% of objective budget, 0.08% of total budget)2.1. Strengthen and promote sustainable forest management · Build capacity of local users on sustainable forest management $360,000· Strengthen capacity of community institutions such as buffer zone community forest user groups, CFUGs and CFCCs on forest management and planning $360,000· Hand over an additional 70,000 ha of forest to local communities (collaborative, leasehold and community forests) $270,000· Build capacity in controlling forest fire $90,0002.2. Manage grasslands, and wetlands/rivers outside PAs 2.3. Improve management of critical sub-watersheds · Strengthen capacity of local community on watershed management $540,000· Community capacity building and engagement in watershed and sub-watershed management watersheds $540,0002.4. Reduce forest loss and degradation · Strengthen community engagement particularly youths in protection of forests and critical river stretches $90,0002.5. Promote private and public forestry 2.6. Promote forest-based green enterprises Theme 3: Socio-economic well-being strategies $52.5 million, 19% of total budget Strategies are not given. The list of 19 activities include tourism, income generation, and disaster and climate change. None are CBC. Theme 4: Enabling conditions and cross-cutting themes $73 million, 26% of total budgetActivities that are CBC ($11 million, 16% of objective budget, 4% of total budget)4.1. Promote institutional coordination and collaboration · Mobilize CFUGs, CFCCs and other related groups to advocate on conservation issues in local and district level planning $1,800,000· Strengthen capacity for work on landscape level conservation issues in community and forest officials 1,260,000· Strengthen capacity of DFSCCs, CFCCs, councils etc. to participate in the TAL plan $2,700,0004.2. Strengthen good governance practices among stakeholders · Conduct public hearing/ public auditing of community institutions $1,500,000· Conduct governance assessments of community institutions and identify capacity building needs $750,000· Provide counseling and mentoring support to BZCFUGs, CFUGs and CFCCs, and protected forest councils on good governance practices, including rule of law $560,000· Develop guidelines for sharing of income among CFUGs (Performance based financing) $5,0004.3. Build local capacity · Build capacity of CBOs and NGOs $360,0004.4. Promote gender equality and social inclusion · Strengthen capacity of women, poor and marginalized to claim their rights to resources and take part in decision making using a rights based approach, including governance literacy classes and leadership development $1,350,000· Develop leadership capacity of women, poor and disadvantaged groups 700,0004.5. Promote sound environmental practices in infrastructure development 4.6. Mainstream climate change into plan implementation 4.7. Undertake research, and document and disseminate results 4.8. Promote increased awareness and education about TAL 4.9. Promote sustainable financing 0.3% of total budget is M&E

Posted June 10, 2020

Nepal's Tiger Conservation Plan 2016-2020

The total budget is US$659,773, with one of six objectives explicitly about community engagement and three objectives either mentioning community activities or possibly related to communities. Unfortunately, the action plan has no budget breakdown for activities, so we don’t know how much of the budget is going to communities. I have bolded activities that are identifiably community-based conservation (CBC) but other activities might be CBC, such as “restore forest patches,” which probably involves community forests. Objective 4 about wildlife conflict and community engagement has no identifiable CBC. Activities are either awareness or communities are recipients and not actively engaged.

Objective 1: Improve and restore core habitats and corridors $125,258 (19% of total budget)

Of 14 activities, one activity might be related to CBC and one is about community livelihoods:

Restore forest patches for enhancing connectivity in major corridors; Brahmadev, Laljhadi-Mohana, Basanta, Khata, and Kamdi
Support livelihood improvement programme that enhance greenery in degraded corridors

Objective 2: Grassland and wetland management for tigers prey $152,014 (23% of total budget)

Of 11 activities, two are related to communities:

Provide forest fire-fighting training and equipment support to staff and communities
Engage communities to restore and manage wetlands in the corridors and other potential tiger habitats

Objective 3: Tiger crime control $133,523 (20% of total budget)

Of 21 activities, five are related to communities and two of those appear to be CBC.

Conduct training for protected areas staff and communities anti-poaching units on the use of new technology.
Conduct awareness-raising programs on anti-poaching and conservation related laws.
Strengthen, build capacity and mobilize community based anti-poaching units in all PAs in TAL.
Strengthen informant networks, information gathering and communication networks for anti-poaching operation.
Initiate the formation of anti-poaching units in Banke NP.

Objective 4: Conflict Resolution and Community Engagement $117,521 (18% of total budget)

All activities for this objective listed since the objective is about communities, but none are identifiably CBC.

Organize campaign and interaction program to raise conservation awareness among youth.
Prepare training curriculum and relevant materials for Nature Guides.
Celebrate world tiger day on 29th July every year and take opportunity to promote tiger conservation awareness during other green day (Wildlife Week, Environment Day, World Rhino Day, Wetland Day, Biodiversity Day
Organize observation tours for social activists for spreading tiger conservation message.
Organize cross learning observation tours for community based anti-poaching units to transboundary parks in India.
Provide problem animals management/handling techniques training to park staff and DFOs and prepare a manual on rescue and handling of stray tigers,
Establish wildlife relief fund and continue support to sustain it.
Construct trenches at strategic locations in BaNP (Balapur, Mahadeva, Dhakeri, Khadgawar, Chyama, Gotheri, Gaabar).
Promote alternative and repellant cash crops in the buffer zones.
Provide support for installing solar fence and their maintenance.
Provide support for constructing temporary towers for crop protection.
Provide the financial relief support to the victims of wildlife attack according to the Wildlife damage relief support guidelines approved by the government.
Revise wildlife relief guidelines to make it simpler and user friendly.
Initiate and develop online database for proper and systematic documentation of conflicts related incidences.
Develop and implement strategic mitigation measures to reduce conflicts.
Develop rescue and rehabilitation center for problem and orphan wild animals including tigers.
Provide capacity building training to enhance staff’s skill on negotiation, mediation and conflict resolutions.
Initiate tri-monthly meeting of the relevant stakeholders to review progress on combating wildlife crime.

Objective 5: Transboundary Cooperation $12,397 (2% of total budget)

No community-related activities.

Objective 6: Research & monitoring $119,060 (18% of total budget)

No community-related activities.

Posted June 9, 2020

Nepal's Elephant Conservation Action Plan 2009-18

Total budget: US$2.675 million, with 5% going toward activities that might include communities or mentions them and 0% going toward activities identifiable as community-based conservation (CBC). (Note: the table in plan has incorrect total of $2.625 million)

Objective 1: Determine and monitor status of both resident and migrating elephant herds in all Terai districts of Nepal $600,000 (22% of total budget)

No community activities

Objective 2: Develop district level strategic management intervention work plan and maintain all critical forest corridors (protection forest, production forest, community forest and collaborative managed forest) used by both resident and migratory herds in all Terai districts $710,000 (27% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (7% of objective budget, 2% of total budget)

Based on studies, reports, local interviews, and anecdotal oral history, define and detail potential forest corridors in all 19 districts, where elephants range $50,000

Objective 3: Conserve elephants by reducing people – elephant conflict through best viable measures $1.12 million (42% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (2% of objective budget, 0.01% of total budget)

Provide technical assistance, planning and encourage resident communities in erecting doable electric fence and backed by community-based maintenance committee on cost sharing basis $10,000
Conduct a biannual, national-level workshop to update district level stakeholders in updating them in new technology that can help in saving their crops from elephants and also share their success stories and lessons in failures $10,000

Objective 4: Maintain viable populations of captive/domestic elephants by continuing breeding captive females with free ranging males to enhance heterozygosity in domestic progeny to benefit tourism and conservation education $115,000 (4% of total budget)

No community activities

Objective 5: Establish and strengthen a functional modality at local and central levels, between concerned agencies of India and Nepal, using existing bilateral cooperation, MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) and CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Flora and Fauna) to address cross border elephant issues and dialogues and recommended solutions $65,000 (2%)

No community activities

Objective 6: Build a greater and effective partnership between rural communities concerned government line agencies and conservation organizations to provide continual support to the people in elephant- related conflict and protect elephants $65,000 (2% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (100% of objective budget, 2% of total budget)

Beside the government agencies and, village development committees, identify and bring together community leaders, government officials, knowledge-based NGOs, elephant experts, and potential donors into Elephant Conservation Action Plan Steering Committee to forge the cost and effectiveness of the action plan $65,000
Call all stakeholders to identify local, national and overseas institutions, and recommend them for action plan assignments and monitor their activities through Elephant Conservation Action Plan $15,000

Posted June 8, 2020

Nepal's Pangolin Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2018-22)

Total budget: US$922,727, with 44% going toward activities that might include communities or mentions them and 9% going toward activities identifiable as community-based conservation (CBC) (in bold below).

Objective 1: Enhance understanding and knowledge on conservation status, ecology and habitat dynamics of pangolins $202,479 (22% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (39% of objective budget, 9% of total budget)

Capacity building to field staff and citizen scientists on Pangolin research and monitoring $42,322
Provide institutional and technical support to local government and related stakeholders outside PAs to monitor and manage habitat $37,190

Objective 2: Curb poaching and control illegal trade of pangolins. $354,545 (38% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (22% of objective budget, 8% of total budget)

Conduct training for protected areas staff s, DFOs of priority areas and communities anti-poaching units on the use of new technology $14,876
Strengthen, build capacity and mobilize community based anti-poaching units in all PAs and priority districts $41,322
Conduct capacity building program for mobilization of BZUCs (Buffer Zone User Committees), CFUGs (Community Forest User group) and Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMC) and other local stakeholders to control poaching at local level $20,661

Objective 3: Identify and manage the habitat for pangolins conservation. $190,083 (21% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (65% of objective budget, 21% of total budget)

Provide institutional and technical support to local government and related stakeholders outside PAs to monitor and manage habitat $41,322
Create fire lines in the pangolin habitats to control forest fire $20,661
Control human and livestock pressure in pangolin habitats $41,322
Engage communities to restore and manage forests, open areas and wetlands in potential habitats $20,661

Objective 4: Develop local stewardship for conservation of pangolins. $175,620 (19% of total budget)

Activities that might include communities or mention them (71% of objective budget, 13% of total budget)

Assess local knowledge, traditions, attitude and perceptions on pangolin conservation $12,397
Develop awareness packages for policy makers, developers, local government and local communities on pangolin conservation $16,529
Design and develop community-based ecotourism plans for key pangolin conservation sites $8,264
Train forest user groups and local communities to implement the ecotourism plans $33,058
Conduct trainings, workshops and exposure visits at the local, district and national level for community based eco-tourism $41,322
Develop information sharing mechanism between community based organizations and local law enforcement agencies $12,397

Posted June 7, 2020

Nepal's Gharial Conservation Plan 2018-22

Total budget US$1.2 million, with 21% going toward activities that somehow involve communities and 6% going toward activities identifiable as community-based conservation (CBC) (in bold below).

Objective 1: Enhance the scientific knowledge of the species, its prey base and habitat $289,967 (24% of total budget)

Activities that mention communities (10% of objective budget, 2% of total budget):

Carry out research on socio-ecological dynamics of river dependent communities, gharial, its prey and habitat $6,612
Collaborate with national, international academic institutions/NGOs and local communities in research, monitoring and gharial conservation $22,447

Objective 2: Strengthen in-situ conservation of gharials by reducing anthropogenic pressures $512,706 (42% of total budget)

Activities that mention communities (44% of objective budget, 19% of total budget):

Promote alternative IGAs to river dependent communities $100,911
Design and conduct intensive outreach programs to school children, eco-clubs and river dependent communities $50,455
Revive River Rangers Program to patrol and monitor gharial, nests and eggs on regular basis $75,683

Objective 3: Strengthen ex-situ conservation to secure future breeding stock and systematize reintroduction of the gharials $419,520 (34% of total budget)

No community activities

Exchange rate used: US $1=NPR 121 on June 7 2020

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