July 29, 2024 SketchUp Basics -- Segmented UNF 20 TPI 1/2" Diameter Thread with Rounded Root

Today's model includes steps for drawing and later scaling to size a 1" length of imperial 1/2" diameter fine thread (20 TPI).  Today's model is scaled up even larger than the July 25 Model below.  The PItch has been set to 720 mm compared to 240 mm a few days ago.

Using the Thread Segment layout approach, it was possible to shape a curved root in today's model.  I have included a few of the steps in the images below.  All steps can viewed by clicking on the shared files.  These are large files and not very practical other than for illustration.

Upon project completion, the same technique described on July 25 can be used to proportionally scale the large dimensions to an actual 1/2" diameter thread size.

Shared Files:

UNF 1/2" Diameter 20 TPI with a Rounded Root Thread for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

UNF 1/2" Diameter 20 TPI with a Rounded Root Thread (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)

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Comment:   As with all of my SketchUp models, thread layouts and designs are for illustrative purposes only.  Today's model is one of several techniques for drawing threads that I've elaborated on over the years.  It isn't necessarily the correct way and it's probably not the most efficient.

July 25, 2024 SketchUp Basics -- Five Helix UNF 20 TPI 1/2" Diameter Thread with Scaling Instructions

Today's model includes steps for drawing and later scaling to size a 1" length of imperial 1/2" diameter fine thread (20 TPI). 

Initial measurements are given in metric.  The final step will be to use the Tape Measure Tool to scale the selected length of thread to a 1/2" diameter.  This technique scales the entire model proportionally.  I usually make a copy before scaling the model or simply re-save the re-sized version using a different filename.

Below are some screen images.  Scaling was not applied to the shared models.  The last step which is explained in the images and model has been left for the viewer to apply, if desired.  Note:  After scaling has been completed, press "Zoom Extents" tool to locate the shrunken model.   Going Extra Big on the initial model provides plenty of breathing room when aligning helixes and deforming threads.

Shared Files:

UNF 1/2" Diameter 20 TPI Thread for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

UNF 1/2" Diameter 20 TPI Thread (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)

Pitch Diameter.  Lastly, one essential measurement of thread making in the real world is Pitch Diameter.  If drawn accurately using SketchUp, for example, the 2D layout can identify a Midpoint on one of the Flanks on the thread profile that represents the Endpoint of the Pitch Diameter.  The distance between these endpoints running perpendicular to the center axis on both sides of the thread is the Pitch Diameter (see images below).  The Pitch Diameter is the position where male and female threads should mesh.

It is easy to draw this imaginary Pitch Diameter position using SketchUp.  To physically create a thread using a lathe or another process, becomes more challenging to measure unless specialized tools--thread micrometers, gauge wires, or other instrumentation are used to evaluate the precision.

Varying degrees of allowance between meshing surfaces are applied depending on the intended use of the thread.  Too loose of a fit may result in the inability to properly tighten the fasteners.  Too tight of a fit may cause the thread to bind or not even start.  This post does not address the meshing characteristics of male and female thread components.  Likewise, tapered threads are not discussed.

Here is the math applied to the calculation to determine the Pitch Diameter for today's model, where the Major Diameter is 2400mm, Pitch is 240mm, and both Flanks, situated between the crest and the root, are set at equal 30 degree angles:

Pitch Diameter = 2400 - (3   x  sqrt of 3   x  240 / 8)

               = 2400 - 155.8845726811989

               = 2,244.11542731880mm

The accuracy of the today's thread profile can be verified with the result of this equation.

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Comment:   As with all of my SketchUp models, thread layouts and designs are for illustrative purposes only.  Today's model is one of several techniques for drawing threads that I've elaborated on over the years.  It isn't necessarily the correct way and it's probably not the most efficient.

July 18, 2024 SketchUp Basics -- Segmented Thread with Radius Applied to Crest and Root

Another technique was used to construct today's 90 segment thread that did not require helixes nor thread scaling/deformation steps like those used for the July 2 model below.

Today's thread layouts were limited to 10 thread spirals.  The density level of geometry required all of my computer's processing power which left nothing for actually fashioning the threads into a chamfered bolt, etc.

The result of the models' high density contour lines were very smooth curved surfaces. The pitfalls in using this segmented approach were the models' time-consuming complexity and over consumption of computer resources.  The repetition of segments created a huge file.  Ninety complex threat segments per thread x 10 = 900 total segments.  All segments were eventually exploded and regrouped as one continuous length of thread.  Another reason for the immense file was the duplication of each step for illustrative purposes.

Surfaces between the two selected thread profile lines are created using the "From Contours Tool", a feature of SketchUp Make.  The process may require upper and lower sections to be filled separately.

Below are exported 2D screen images and a few sections of rendered thread enhanced with Twilight Rendering Extension for SketchUp.   Version 2 shows an alternate way to group and align individual thread segments.

Shared Files:

Segmented Thread Design with Radius Applied to Crest and Root for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

Segmented Thread Design Version 2 for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

Segmented Thread Design with Radius Applied to Crest and Root (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)  Large File:  Total File size, 53.3MB--140,621 Entities.

Segmented Thread Design Version 2 for Viewer  (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)  Large File:  Total File size, 53.3MB--140,621 Entities.

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Note--Initial Thread Segment Construction for Versions 1 and 2:   

• Image 3 below shows a second thread profile that has been duplicated and rotated from the center axis 4 degrees counter clockwise. The second Thread profile was then elevated (moved) to the top of the slope line which is 1/90 of the thread pitch height at its tallest point  (6.6666667 mm).

• Both thread profiles should be contained in their individual groups that includes a temporary leg beginning at the nose of the crest and extending downward to the base.  The reason for grouping is to prevent sticking to other elements during later alignment.  The purpose of the temporary leg is to provide something to grab while moving the second thread profile upward to the top of the slope line.  This maneuver sets the spiral slope and direction for the remaining 899 thread segments that follow.

• After the second thread profile has been moved upward to align, both thread profiles can be exploded so that temporary legs can be erased, followed by adding connecting lines at both ends, and applying the exterior thread segment's surface using the From Contours tool.

Final Note--Quality Control:

It's alway a good idea to double check alignments.  Near the beginning of Version 2, I had neglected to zoom in to check the alignment of the second profile with the top of the Slope Line (see image 4 below for the correct alignment).  In haste I had left a small gap that went undetected until the project was completed.

Later, after measuring the total length of ten completed thread spirals, a total length of 6,019.8 mm was revealed instead of an exact 6,000 mm  (600 mm pitch x 10).  Had I been using Version 1 methodology, the error would have been spotted after completing the first thread spiral because a gap would have appeared between the corners of the first and last thread segments.

The vertical stacking method used in Version 2 will not reveal this error because every duplicated stack of ten is rotated and aligned snuggly with the preceding column.  The resulting error means the thread angle is slightly too steep (not exact).

The error is not detectable by viewing the surface of Version 2; however, measurement of the total length of the thread spirals reveals the discrepancy.  It represents a misshapen thread proifle and a .0033 error factor in the overall thread length.

July 2, 2024 SketchUp Basics -- Annotated Steps for Drawing Helix Threads with SketchUp Make

For most practical purposes, taps and dies are the usual method for actually making thread fasteners.  Easier yet, they can be purchased pre-made at a hardware store or other outlet.  But if  3D Design is your preference, SketchUp is a great tool for putting your ideas into the digital realm.

This has to be the umpteenth time I've presented information on Helix Threads or similar procedures.  Whether or not it is useful to anyone remains to be seen.  Today's renditions offer an in depth explanation along with step by step instructions and 25 diagrams (see SketchUp Viewer LInk below). No SketchUp Make addons or extensions have been used.  The thread was constructed from scratch.

The first design in today's project uses a thread profile with equal crest and root measurements.  The Crest and Root are both 1/8th of the Pitch) where thread elements represent various relative fractions of the Pitch--1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, etc. , when designing the Thread Profile in the first example. Thread elements identified are the Crest and Root Areas. The length of the two 30 Degree sloped angles automatically stretch into position during the thread Scaling/Deformation step near the end.*  The sloped angles occupy the remaining Pitch space that is not allocated to the Crest and Root elements. 

There's no need to calculate the fractional values occupied by each of the sloped side, but if you're curious:  it's the (Pitch 600mm - Root total value 75mm - Crest value 75mm = 450)/2 = 225.  Top to bottom on the thread profile, values are: 37.5 + 225 + 75 + 225 + 37.5 = 600mm, or .5 of root + upper slope  + crest  + lower slope + .5 of root.  =  Pitch.

Had the thread profile been drawn using a 4 helix design, the order of elements would start with the upper slope as follows:  upper slope, crest, lower slope, root, or 225 + 75 + 225 + 75 = 600 where the entire root is positioned at the bottom of the thread profile.  I prefer the 5 helix design over the 4 helix method because the thread terminates more uniformly at both ends during the scaling/deformation process.

The bottom portion of the thread always seems to be a bit warped when using the 4 helix method--but more often than not, the bottom and top portions of the thread are tapered with chamfers for thread runout anyway and the ends are either erased or otherwise modified depending on the thread's intended purpose.

Pitch is the vertical length of one thread spiral which in this model is  measured from the center of one crest to the center of the next.  The choice of the starting size can vary; however it's best to use values that are evenly divisible.  That is, if a 24 Segment circle is used for drawing the cylinder containing the threads, try to avoid values that result in repeating decimal fractions for the other elements.  (You should never find yourself typing in long decimal fractions for these examples--Let SketchUp do the division for you.)

I have used a 4800mm diameter to represent one inch.  Likewise, the vertical height of one-inch is also 4800mm.  Using 8 TPI (threads per inch),  the pitch is designated at 600mm per thread (thread spiral).  I have chosen to use a 24 Segment circle (90 would have been better) to limit the file size created when duplicating so many steps.  A 24 segment thread will be a bit rough by comparison.

The values in today's drawing are metric, but can be converted to imperial if desired, or can be scaled later when the project is finished (Using the Tape Measure tool).

At the end of the first model, an ISO style thread profile is shown.  Its crest and root differ in size.  As a result, the thread depth is more shallow than the first thread profile. 

Additional links to the ISO threads show minor differences between the two designs.  In addition to using a different thread proifile, this version gives an alternative method for contructing a helix.  Since it is built from scratch, you can expect to see multiple steps.

Lastly, two smoother versions are also linked that were built around a 90 segment cricle instead of 24 segments.  The detailed instructions were not included--steps follow the same logic.

Shared Files:

Drawing Helix Threads for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

Drawing Helix Threads (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)

Drawing Helix ISO Threads for Viewer (Opens in Browser--not editable).

Drawing Helix ISO Threads (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)

Drawing Helix ISO Threads--Smoother--90 Segment Circle for Viewer Opens in Browser--not editable.)

Drawing Helix ISO Threads--Smoother--90 Segment Circle (Download requires SketchUp Make, SketchUp Free, or Later Versions to open--editable.)

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*This Model utilizes a temporary Alignment Guide that I have devised to eliminate complicated math calculations and numeric entry for insetting the thread root during the thread scaling/deformation step.  The alignment guide is accurate and easy to use. It only consists of a few lines but is a bit wordy to explain.  Here's how to draw the Alignment Guide:

1. Two perpendicular lines are extended outward from the Vertical Axis of the thread to the Minor Diameter Circumference (a temporary inner circle drawn on the base as measured by the thread profile insert--Click Viewer link to see this). One line follows the red axis, the othe follows the green axis forming a right angle.

2. Next, third and fourth perpendicular lines emanating from the two contact points on the Minor Diameter are then drawn outward at right angles beyond the thread diameter. Their Intersection Point forms a temporary square in one quadrant of the circle at the base of the thread. (Note that this corner is at a 45 Degree Angle relative to the red and  green vertcal axis of the thread).  The corner formed by the  point of intersection is the point of alignment required to shape the thread as shown in the Viewer Model.

3. A small traingle has been drawn inside the corner where the two lines intersect.  One line follows the red axis (direction) and the other follows the green, i.e., perpendicular or at a right angle depending upon your frame of reference.  The triangle becomes the Alignment Guide after the preliminary setup lines have been erased.  The Alignment Guide has been colored Red for clarity and identification.

Forming the Thread.  The process involves Shift Selecting the Root Areas (shown in Yellow in the model) and Scaling downward. Then, with the Scale Tool selected depress the Ctrl key (Scale about Center) and grab the Middle Corner bounding box handle/grip located above the Red Alignment guide and drag it downward until it touches the outermost point on the Red Alignment Guide.  At that point, the thread will be fully scaled/deformed and the Ctrl key and the Mouse button can be released.

Six key takeaways from this post as they relate to thread design are:

• Method(s) for creating an accurate Helix.

• Protractor Tool's use when designing an accurate Thread Profile  with 30 degree slope lines.

• Thread Profile's use for aligning  duplicated helixes.

• Thread Profile's use for establishing the external thread depth--Minor Diameter at the base.

• Minor Diameter's role when designing the red alignment guide required for precise thread formation.

• Scaling selected Root Area(s) when forming the thread using the red alignment guide as a reference.

June 17, 2024 Image Projection -- SketchUp Make with Twlight Render Extension, Microsoft Image Creator, and GIMP

Artwork for today's project was created with Generative AI -- Microsoft Image Creator using the following prompt:

"Draw an image of an Oriental River Scene with junks in the water.  Include a stone arch bridge with cranes flying overhead. Temples and other structures are located near the river bank.  Use blue and white tones only.  Apply on a porcelain finish."

GIMP Image Editor:  The AI generated image was later cropped as a circle and  retained on a rectangular matching white background. (This step may have been unncessary).  Blue Color was intensified with GIMP Color options.  One close up image shown below was altered with GIMP's Hue Chroma Color Option.  The blue was toned down until is was gray.

The River Scene image was projected onto a shallow bowl from the top position.  See images and Viewer links below.  Lastly, more about image projection techniques can be seen in the March and April posts further down the page.

Here is the SketchUp Make Link that can be downloaded (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open:  Shallow Porcelain Bowl

Here is the same 3-D model that can be viewed in your browser (SketchUp Viewer cannot be edited):  Shallow Porcelain Bowl for Viewer

June 14, 2024 Drawing Spoked Wheels -- SketchUp Make with Twlight Render Extension

Spokes become easier to draw by using the Duplicate and Rotate feature of SketchUp.  Today's Spoked Wheels model each contain 36 spokes.  One half of the wheel was drawn with 18 spokes and then duplicated to form the entire wheel containing 36 spokes.  The top half was designed with nine segments.   Each segment of the wheel hub with two spokes attached was spaced 40 Degrees apart for a total of 360 degrees.

The design has each spoke staggered and sloped.  Other versions of spoke configurations could be substituted in this design.  After the completed top half segment was duplicated and rotated, it was exploded and regrouped.  (see steps for assembly below by viewing the images or the Spoked Wheel model in Viewer.

The top half was duplicated and flipped and then rotated 20 degrees to offset the top from the bottom half.  Lastly, the profile of the tire (with tread) was drawn.  The Follow Me Tool was used to complete the tire.  It followed the temporary selected circle that was drawn above the wheel.

Backgrounds were added before rendering the spoked wheels with Twilight Render Extension.   Note:  The spoked wheels are for illustrative purposes only.  No structural integrity or other engineering aspects of wheel design were employed.

Here is the SketchUp Make Link that can be downloaded (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open:  Spoked Wheels

Here is the same 3-D model that can be viewed in your browser (SketchUp Viewer cannot be edited):  Spoked Wheels for Viewer

June 10, 2024 Drawing Bolt Threads from Scratch -- Five Helix Coarse Thread with Detailed Runouts

Here is a  bolt thread that can be later scaled to a 1 inch diameter, 8 TPI thread using SketchUp Make's "Tape Measure Tool Method."  It is a repeat from many earlier versions posted below.  This multiple-step process requires refresher practice from time to time.  It is also reassuring to know that drawing skills have remained intact.

The model did have an initial flaw that required an alignment adjustment in later steps.  The initial spiral in  the 5-helix setup was inadvertently shifted 15 degrees away from the Green axis.  Actually, I should have selected a helix with its origin on the Red axis to simplify later steps.  Having dealt with similar screw ups in the past, everything turned out o.k. before duplicatiing helix 2, 3, 4, and 5.  Note:  it's usually easier and better to re-do steps at the root of the problem, but some corrections can be made in later steps.  I don't recommend the latter unless there is a quick fix.  This practice should be avoided in sequential step-by-step drawings as shown in the model linked below where every step may be scrutinized.  Having a mis-step causes confusion.

Both upper and lower thread runouts require intersection and erasure of geometry.  The upper runout nearest the head of the bolt is more difficult to get right when replicating a lathe turning operation.  The thread fades away or runs out into the gutter that is previously cut for lathe tool clearance.  Shaping is done by subraction (erasure) of geometry which mimics the removal of metal when a thread is cut on a metal lathe.  Instead of rotation, however, an inverted 30 Degrees conical segment  (shaped between the Major and Minor Diameters)  is aligned, intersected, and trimmed along with the top part of the thread (see images and model below).

A four helix design can also be used to draw this model; however, the five helix method creates better symmetry at both ends of the scaled  thread.

Here is the SketchUp Make Link that can be downloaded (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open:  Bolt Thread

Here is the same 3-D model that can be viewed in your browser (SketchUp Viewer cannot be edited):  Bolt Thread for Viewer

May 6, 2024 Footprints in the Sand -- GIMP and SketchUp Make vs A I's GoogleFX and Microsoft Image Creator

GIMP Photo Editor was used to draw the Beach Scene with various GIMP options and filters applied for light, shadow and texture, etc.  The rectangular image was imported into SketchUp Make to be used as a Material because it would then be projected onto a concave surface.

Due to misalignment, a bit of intersecting and trimming was necessary to get my signature at the bottom after it was  projected onto the concave surface using the Alt Eye Dropper method. (It would have been easier to start over). The gray background layer was positioned behind the curved surface to create perspective.  Click this SketchUp Viewer Link to see how it was done.

The original plan was to  render it with Twilight Render Extension.  That didn't work out so well.  In this instance SketchUp's 2D Graphic Export was a better choice.  The model was purposely curved to add more interest to an otherwise washed-out and dull color scheme.

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You have just witnessed the limits of my freehand artistic ability using a mouse (see image below).  Now look at how A I Image-from-Text Generators can do the job when given a description of what the image should include:

"Create an image of a sandy path leading to the beach by the sea before sundown.  On either side of the path is a mix of various grasses.   A few sea gulls can be seen low in the sky above one end of the beach where gentle waves are breaking near the shoreline.  Many footprints can be seen in the sandy path with subtle shadows showing on each footprint depression caused by the Sun which is positioned slightly above the horizon out at sea. The Sun is centered when looking directly out from the sandy path. Footprints can also be seen along the beach in the distance. The beach is empty as beachgoers have left for the day,  Apply vibrant colors, light, and shadows."

(Note:  the words "35mm file" were added to the end of the Google ImageFX description.)

Image Gallery
A I Image-from-Text Generators
--all images were ready in a minute or two--
Click Links below

Google ImageFX  (PDF file)                        Microsoft Image Creator (PDF file)

April 10, 2024 Pocket Billiards Table Version 3 -- SketchUp Make and Twilight Render Extension

Pockets were cut into the Carom Billiards model posted April 7.  An image showing the corner and side pocket layout was imported into SketchUp Make and was set to 30% opacity.  It served as a template for sizing and tracing the pockets onto the opaque surface above the existing carom table.  Press the Left Arrow below to see images in sequence from start to finish.  

The Push-Pull and Scaling Tools were used to pull the pocket tracing into the rails and table bed. Cutting in the pockets was very tedious and exacting. I had lots of do overs.  Only one corner and side pocket were needed to be drawn.  The corner pocket was grouped, duplicated, and flipped on its Green Axis for the opposite end of the table.

Another timesaver was to erase/delete half the table.  After positioning three pockets on the remaining half, it was grouped, duplicated, and flipped on its Red Axis.  The duplicate half was then carefully aligned using the Move Tool.

Five rendered images along with five screen shots of work in progress are shown below.

• Here is a link for today's Pocket Billiards Table Version 3 (Large file--41 mb.  Requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open).

• Here is a link to view the 3-D model without using SketchUp: Pocket Billiards Table Version 3 for Viewer (will open in your browser--uneditable).

Conclusion:  Looking back at the previous posts from March 27, 28, and April 4, it is evident that today's pool table model shows improvement.  The problem with drawing 3-D models without a measured plan is the time wasted redrawing elements that either don't fit or simply don't look right.

Using just one measured aspect--the pocket template--made today's model much easier to draw; but having the complete plan, however, would eliminate the need to intersect pockets through the existing rails, cushions and table slate, etc.  It would still be a good SketchUp practice to draw only one half of the table, then duplicate and flip it for the other half.

April 7, 2024 Carom Billiards Table Model Version 3 -- SketchUp Make and Twilight Render Extension

It's taken several tries to draw a 3-D carom billiards table without too many defects.  Note: this is not a measured plan taken from official billiards table specifications. The model is accurate in respect to its uniformity of all elements that simply make it look good when rendered.

Version 3 corrects errors in scaling the playing surface and fxing errors on the end rails also due to improper scaling.  All that was necessary (besides starting over) was to make sure the first element to be scaled was the cushions that followed a rectangular path around the playing surface as determined by the "nose of the four cushions.  After that was established, the remaining portion of the upper table could be added (wooden rails).

One other touchy fitting (apart from placement of spots (or diamonds) was merging the rectangluer cushion area with the four rails' rounded corners.  By first grouping elements and keeping everything on the save level, the rails and cushions could be spliced together using Pencil Tool and Eraser--once in place and then exploded.  The Eraser Tool was also used to remove the unwanted inside curves from each corner as well as internal geometry (beneath the table corners).

Like the April 4 model today's post also utilizes separate Follow Me operations when designing the cushions and bed, rails and lower secton that profiles the body and legs.  A fourth application of the Follow Me was used separately to create Spindle Legs as opposed to usng a tapered design as shown in previous models.

Here are some  rendered images along with  screen shots of work in progress.

• Here is a link for today's Spindle-Legged Carom Billiards Table model (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open).  

• Here is a link to view the 3-D model without using SketchUp: Spindle-Legged Carom Billiards Table for Viewer (will open in your browser--uneditable).

• The name of the game is Three Cushion Billiards.  Who's that guy?  Three Cushion Player.

April 4, 2024 SketchUp Billiard Table Model -- SketchUp Make and Twilight Render Extension

With the set of Pool Balls now completed, improving the appearance of the Pocket Billiards Table was next on the list.  It was more work than I expected, especially fitting the 6 pockets.  Each rail had been grouped separately and the table was assembled by arranging the parts atop the bed.  It became more difficult as the complexity of the table kept increasing.  This is where I thought there must be an easier way.  The rendering extension was having difficulty with the huge model that had grown out of proportion. I halted work on the Pocket Billiards Table model and began work on an easier, Carom Table design (see images below).

For a Carom Billiards Table, I got the idea to make the entire table in one swift Follow Me operation (see last image below).  The entire process required less than 15 minutes to draw using the dimensions from the previous model's layout.   The spots and name plate were simply copied from the previous project--a few more spots were added to the end and side rails, however.  Carom tables have no pockets, so that about wrapped it up.

Some reshaping of the six-legged (5' x 10') table was done by slightly insetting  and putting a taper on each leg.  The same color scheme was used for the wood and cloth.  Three copies of the cue ball from an earlier model were used.  One was painted red, one was painted yellow, the other remained unchanged.   Carom Billiards uses only 3 balls--white, yellow, and red.  One player uses the white for the cue ball and the opponent uses the yellow.  The red ball and the opponent's cue ball are the object balls.  A player may elect to shoot at either the red or the opponent's cue ball first; or, they may elect to shoot at a cushion first.

A few images from the uncompleted and abandoned pocket billiards table--top surface only--are also shown below.  The lower portion and exact pocket fittings were never finished due to complications as mentioned earlier.  There is no SketchUp model for the pool table version to be shared at this time.

• Here is a link for today's Carom Billiard Table model (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open).  

• Here is a link to view the 3-D model without using SketchUp: Carom Billiard Table for Viewer (will open in your browser--uneditable).

Update:  This is another version of the carom billiard table with a correctly dimensioned playing surface and rounded table corners.  Renderings are shown in the second image set below.  The carom Billiards Table models linked above include the recent updates.

Upon closer inspection of the model, you will notice that the end rails and cushions are slightly narrower than the long rails and cushions.  This design flaw was caused by scaling the total table length shorter in order to make the rectangular playing surface equal to two squares based on the width.

Not all quick fixes are the best solution.  In the previous table, the playing surface was too long. Therefore, both models are flawed. The table's Follow Me patterns (step 1) will need to be scaled correctly; then the table will need to be completely redrawn.   Enjoy viewing the images.

April 1, 2024 Texture Projections with PNG images -- SketchUp Make, GIMP, and Twilight Render Extension, and Snippet

Like most other SketchUp projects posted to this web page, it takes about four or five versions to attain some degree of success.  Today's post is more about the GIMP PNG images that greatly improved the appearance of the pool balls.  GIMP features a layering option in which all 16 backgrounds for the  set of pool  balls were  kept.  By switching between three active layers plus typing in each ball number as needed, it was possible to  export all balls within an hour (not counting the 3+ hours for setting up GIMP to do the job).

Here are some screen shots from GIMP and a few renderings from Version 5 of the SketchUp Make Pool Ball Projection model.  Organization was more efficient today--everything was placed in a straight line and projected one at a time.

• Here is a link for today's Improved Pool Ball Texture model (requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open).  

• Here is a link to view the 3-D model without using SketchUp: Improved Pool Ball Texture for Viewer (will open in your browser--uneditable).

• Lastly, here is the link to the layered GIMP .xcf file:  Pool Ball Drawing with GIMP Layers for download (requires GIMP  Version 2.10.34 or higher to open).  It can be used to Export all sixteen 32-bit, 1000 x 1000 px PNG pool ball images for SketchUp Make texture projection--one at a time, I might add.  A note for anyone planning to re-use the .xcf file:  Because some of the text box positions were slightly modified for number placement, the text boxes may need to be re-inserted.

A second set of images has been included showing a method for flipping and rotating the projected number on the reverse side of the pool ball.

Update:  Here is the completed set of pool balls with obverse numbers:

• Pool Balls with Obverse Numbers   Top of pool balls look the same but bottom area containing the numbers have been flipped and rotated,

• Pool Balls with Obverse Numbers for Viewer  (Viewer will open in your browser.)

April 1, 2024 Billiards Images Continued -- SketchUp Make, Snipping Tool, Twilight Render Extension, and GIMP

After four versions of billiard ball designs, I have improved some aspects of creating nicely projected pool balls.  At the same time, by trying to "mass produce" all of them simultaneously, I inadvertently compromised the resolution of the numbers.

The problem encountered on the final versions was placing all 16 balls above one image texture file.  It would have been much more beneficial to save each pool ball layout separately since I was using the low-resolution snipping tool to capture the initial image.  As a result, the final version's resolution per ball was poorer quality compared to earlier versions.

I used GIMP's cropping measurements to insure the image snipped from Sketchup was accurately trimmed.  It represented a large area (8000 x 8000 mm) and it needed to be dimensioned as close as possible to square.  Importing it back into SketchUp as a Texture was completed before projection could take place.

Again, I had a pre-conceived notion that projecting all 16 balls at once would be a real time saver.  It did work this time but the effort it took to fiddle with alignment had offset any gains other than to relish the moment when all 16 balls turned from white spheres into colorful pool balls.

Even though the image texture source was poor quality, Twilight Render Extension aniti-aliased everything  When viewed close up, however,  the edges were blurry and jagged.  By creating individual higher resolution texture images, projection onto the surface of each sphere (one at a time) would have been sharper.  Maybe I will try using GIMP to draw a better quality image for texturing, if there is a next time.

In conclusion, I would recommend a separate layout for each ball.   By Extending the stripes and solid colors for the textured image, the  sides of the balls project smooth.  Making the ball circular in the 2-D layout only a few millimeters larger than the actual 3-D sphere diameter resulted in a scruffy paint projection along the sides of the spheres--or stretch marks for lack of a better term.

Below are some examples of the latest renderings.  Also included are steps for making the Ball Number on the opposite side of the sphere Obverse, that is, like Heads and Tails on coins.   SketchUp Make projected the numbers on the back side of the sphere in reverse.  In addition, the numbers were upside-down compared to how billiard balls are actually made. There may be a SketchjUp setting to correct this behavior automatically, but I am unaware of it.

• Here is a link for today's Pool Ball Design model (Large file: 37.4 MB--requires SketchUp Make or later versions to open.).  

• Due to the large file size, I abbreviated Pool Ball Design for Viewer by removing most of the completed spheres (Will open in your browser--uneditable).

There were a few glitches with the layout including the low-res graphics mentioned above.  The 14-ball had some underlying undetected geometry that required it to be redone and projected separately.  The Pool Table and Pool Cue were created in a separate model (not included here).

March 28, 2024 Billiards Images Update -- SketchUp Make, Snipping Tool (Snippet), and Twilight Render Extension

Another Set of Pool Balls were painted using texture image projection.  Today's 2-D drawing of the balls was completed with SketchUp Make  rather than to use  a top view photo image.  Photo images already have light reflectivity which interferes with lighting effects added with Twilight Render Extension Materials Editor and Environmental Controls. Sixteen images were laid out in a 4 x 4 pool ball array and were processed together.

Again, it wasn't as easy as it looks.  It was necessary to tweak the alignment for each sphere before projecting a ball image from the image texture.  I discovered a better and easier way to make the final alignment by using a Top View with the Camera set for Parallel Projection.

Instead of drawing alignment guides as illustrated in yesterday's images, I simply selected one of the sixteen spheres and then slid the Move Tool along one of the sides or across the top or bottom lines of the texture image.  By entering numbers in the Measurement Box for the distance of the movement, it only took a few repetitions to get the sphere position directly over the corresponding ball number on the texture image located below the spheres (see image below).

You'll  know alignment is exact when all the white sphere is covered by the projected image from below.  It is necessary to repeat the Paint Bucket application to project upward with each trial and error attempt.  There is no need to erase the previous paint--the new paint will cover it.

Here are today's newest set of balls and a slightly improved version of the pool table model.

March 27, 2024 Billiards Images -- SketchUp Make,  Twilight Render Extension, and GIMP

As mentioned in yesterday's post, it would be fitting to include a pool table if there are pool balls and a cue.  This was a "hurry-up" model.  More improvement will eventually be made on cushions, pockets, and rounding, or at least beveling the edges on the rails.

GIMP was used to patch a few light holes coming up through the pockets because I forgot to unhide the bottom of the table after making a few corrections to faces (color adjustments on the underside of the table- and rail-cloth).  Twilight Render was rendering the backside of the cloth which had taken on the color of the slate pool table bed (which I deleted).  After the reverse side of the cloth was painted with the green texture material, everything rendered fine.

Here are a few images--some rendered from SketchUp 2-D Export and others with Twilight Render Extension applied.

March 26, 2024 Billiard Ball Projections II -- SketchUp Make,  Snippet, and Twilight Render Extension

Yesterday's projection of billiard balls was created in SketchUp Make and then captured with the Snipping Tool and saved as a jpeg to a pictures folder.  It was then imported back into SketchUp as a texture and projected onto a sphere to make the ball (see images below).

Today, instead of modeling 1 pool ball at a time, I thought it would be more expedient to model all of them simultaneously (that is, if everything was perfectly aligned).  I used a top view photo of 16 pool balls (including the  cue ball).  There appeared to be a minor distortion near the bottom of the photo that required individually aligning the spheres above the textured photo.  I attempted using the Texture Position controls, but this application was too complex to be adjusted by moving lines bordering the textured image.

I drew a set of alignment guides that surrounded the textured photo of the 16 balls.  After selecting  an indivdual sphere, its position could be adjusted by moving the Move Tool left or right (either on the X or Y axis, or at an angle) based on individual inspection of each projection.  There was also a need to make angle tweaks, therefore, an angle guide was drawn as needed.  After several projections for a few of the more stubborn spheres, alignment was successfully completed.

Had I drawn the images using SketchUp rather than use a photo, I believe all 16 balls could have been simultaneously selected and painted.  Previous posts this week includes information about projecting textures.  No SketchUp model is included today--the file was very large--each ball included more than 13,000 entities at 96 segments per circle for cllarity purposes.  A  billiard ball has to be smooth.

The reversed numbers were also an issue on the bottom projection on each ball.  For now, I will live with it since in a photo, you only see one side at a time.

Lastly, the pool cue placed on the base was from the May 23, 2023 post. It can be accessed in "SketchUp Projects" (see Left Side Bar).  An upcoming project, as I now see it, will be to model a billiards table and position everything you see below on the table slate.

March 24, 2024 Billiard Ball Projections -- SketchUp Make,  Snippet, and Twilight Render Extension

SketchUp was used to model and project three Pool Balls that provide examples of a cueball, solid-ball, and striped-colored ball.  From these layouts, the thirteen remaining solids and stripes (2--14) can be drawn by simply changing the numbers and customary colors for each ball.

As a novice at texture projection, I may have completed unnecessary steps for lack of a complete knowledge of the process.  For instance, when the pool ball numbers project on the bottom half of the ball they were reversed.   My way to remedy this was to select the top half of the completed projections (in hidden line view), group it separately, and flip it on  the red axis.  That worked great, but there may have been a way using Sketchup Make to avoid having to perform this step(s).  Keep in mind this procedure would not look very good if the pool ball spheres were not perfectly round.

The images and linked models below show most of the details involved.  The tricky part of this project was going between snippet and SketchUp to transform the Snippet (Snipping Tool) jpeg image so that it could be imported back into SketchUp as a texture.  From there, it was necessary to setup a SketchUp surface that matched the proportions of the texture image. To simplify it for this project, I used a square that works well for a circular object centered within it.

Other steps for projecting were explained in yesterday's post.  Use of the Twilight Render Extension is optional but it does add to the appearance of the completed pool balls.

Here are the links to today's models:

• Projected Billiard Balls  -- requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open. 

• Projected Billiard Balls for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

March 23, 2024 Texture Projection -- SketchUp Make,  Snippet Tool,  and Inkscape

Inkscape (free download) could have placed the jpeg banner's text on a curved line without using either Snippet or SketchUp.  However, this webpage is devoted to SketchUp.   The use of the Windows Snippet Tool is often overlooked.  It is handy whenever a high quality image is not required.

To make an easy task more difficult, I decided to save an un-curved Inkscape Snippet as a jpeg image and then import it as a texture into Sketchup Make for projection onto a serpentine curved surface.

I began by importing a gray-colored rectangular snippet from this website's background into Inkscape.   Next, the text was typed.  A Cool Outside Morphing Filter and a subtle off-green color were applied from Inkscape's Color Swatch option. Lastly, instead of  saving it with Inkscape, I opted to create a Jpeg Snippet directly from the edit screen.

The finished banner was imported into SketchUp Make as a Texture and placed on a surface approximating the size of the curved surface before it was projected.  When positioned, it was selected for Projection by right  clicking the image and choosing Project.  Lastly, the Texture Image was selected with ALT-Eyedropper followed by clicking the Curved Surface with the Paint Bucket (The eye dropper changes to the paint bucket after it was Clicked).

Finally, the Projected image was Snippetted and saved as a jpeg. The result is the seamless T. Bolton Digital Art  image shown below.

No SketchUp models were included with today's post. More about Projecting Textures in SketchUp was included in the March 15, 2023 post found in "SketchUp Projects" linked in the Left Side Bar.

March 20, 2024 Decorated Easter Eggs -- SketchUp Make,  GIMP,  and Twilight Render Extension

In today’s post, painted images have been imported into SketchUp Make, converted to a Material, and then “projected” with the Paint Buicket Tool to the surface of an egg-shaped model. Links below will show and help explain the complete process.

GIMP was used to modify a  rectangular jpeg image exported from SketchUp.  GIMP's Whirl and Pinch filter was used to distort the  pink, yellow, and blue stripes on the rectangle as well as a diagonal design added with GIMP—follow the links below for more information..

After completion, several Egg Designs were rendered with Twilight Render Extension to enhance the lighting and color (See images below)..

When applying Twilight Render Extension, the Perfect Reflection Template (Highest Level) was applied to all background colors included in the painting that had been converted to a Material.

Before projection of the image(s) to the eggs, the painted jpeg/material in front of each egg must first be Exploded. The Eye-dropper/Color-Picker is then used to select one of four directional paintings surrounding the egg. (Optionally, one image (if all were intended to be identical) could have been rotated 90 degrees after each projection had been completed and reused.

After selection with the pointer arrow and touching the active surface with the Paint Bucket Tool, the image's material (exploded material selected with the eye dropper) is applied/projected to the active/ungrouped area on the egg’s surface.  This process is repeated for each remaining area designated on the egg.

Here are the links to the model:

• Easter Eggs 2024  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open. 

• Easter Eggs 2024 for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

March 16, 2024 Four-Leaf Clover Version 2 -- SketchUp Make,  GIMP, and Snipping Tool

A few additional features were added to yesterday's model that have been saved as Version 2.  Namely, a Circular border was added to each clover leaf.  The stem has been given depth. The purpose of the revsion was not to make the model more photo realistic, but rather to create perspective other than the shadow when viewed at an angle.

The changes are not very noticeable when the  image is reduced in size as it appears on the Home Page--March 17 post.  Here are the links to the version 2 model:

• Four-Leaf Clover Version 2  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

• Four-Leaf Clover Version 2 for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

March 15, 2024 Four-Leaf Clover -- SketchUp Make,  GIMP, and Snipping Tool

Here is an original version of a simple Four-Leaf Clover design.  Basically, its four hearts rotated 90 Degrees each with a stem added.  Other features include a background that the color match to this website background and a Shadow added with SketchUp's Shadow Option.  The background match was completed by using the Snipping Tool to sample a bit of the dark gray color background that you're now looking at.  The jpeg of the Snippit was imported into the SketchUp model (see images below and press left arrow to view in order of completion).

The snipping tool was used again to select a portion of the SketchUp screen containing the four-leaf clover, its shadow, and background.  It was later opened in GIMP and cropped to its final size, 408 width x 505 pixels height.

Links for today's post:

• Four-Leaf Clover  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

• Four-Leaf Clover for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

March 13, 2024 Modeling Coffee Mug and Ball Point Pen -- SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension and SketchUp Viewer

Two SketchUp models provide information about attaching an image to the surface of cylindrical shapes--coffee mug and ball pen in today's post.

There is a substantial amount of preliminary set up required in order to get precise placement. In earlier posts from 2023 (see SketchUp Projects in left sideba -- March 15, 2023 . . . ) there are numerous examples where this procedure was used in a less controlled fashion.  The images are stretched/painted around the objects in some instances.

To control the placement of images more precisely, it is possible to group all but the area to be used for image placement.  Nothing will be painted in the grouped areas.   Using Intersect faces to map the ungrouped areas on both sides of the mug were especially effective (see Mug Link).  

Note:  the image distance from the mug and pen are critical so that the Image materials fill the designated areas.   Setting up horizontal and vertical alignment guides is very helpful for intial placement.  Then, to uniformly adjust two images' distance from the mug, for example, shift-click on both images to select them, select the scale tool, press the control key and push or pull one of the center green handles to slide them horizontally, either closer or farther away from the  mug as needed.  Again, this may involve some trial and error until you get the hang of it.

A few screen shots of preliminary steps and of the completed mug and pen(s) are shown at the end of this post.  All procedures can be seen by following the links provided.

Below are two models linked for download for SketchUp users and two that have been converted with SketchUp Free (online version) to be viewed with SketchUp Viewer (they will open in your browser).

• MSU Coffee Mug  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

• MSU Ball Point Pen  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

For Viewer:

• MSU Coffee Mug for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

• MSU Ball Point Pen for Viewer -- SketchUp Viewer does not provide editing options.

March 11, 2024 Modeling and Scaling 1.5" DIameter UNC 6 TPI Threads -- SketchUp Make and SketchUp Viewer

The SketchUp model initial drawn to make a 1.5" thread is gigantic.  A Large model seems to be easier to control than a model drawn to scale, especially small models with many elements.  The first SketchUp model shows the steps required to make a bolt using a 7200mm diameter that represents a 1.5" thread diameter.  The thread length is 3 inches, where 4800mm = 1 inch.

After the thread was drawn, it was copied and pasted into a new SketchUp file where it was scaled down to its actual 1.5" x 3" dimensions.  The purpose of today's post is to explain how easy it is to scale the model to its intended size.  The Tape Measure Tool (I mistakenly referred to it as a ruler) is extended over the diameter, after which the actual size, 1.5" is entered into the measurements box in the lower right corner of the screen (SketchUp Make), followed by Enter.  To complete the operation, another key press is needed to confirm the procedure.

Below are two models linked for download for SketchUp users and two that have been converted with SketchUp Free (online version) to be viewed with SketchUp Viewer  (they will open in your browser).

• Original Model of 1.5" diameter thread drawn with a 7200mm Diameter  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

• Scaled down Model of 1.5" diameter thread now measuring 1.5"  Diameter  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.

For Viewer:

• Original Model of 1.5" diameter thread drawn with a 7200mm Diameter  for SketchUp Viewer--cannot be edited.

• Scaled down Model of 1.5" diameter thread now measuring 1.5"  Diameter  for SketchUp Viewer--cannot be edited,

The model will immediate shrink to its actual size, which is quite a contrast in this example.  You'll need to zoom in to see it.  Here ara a few screen shots from both models.

March 4, 2024  Four and Five Helix Metric/ISO Screw Thread Designs-- SketchUp Make and SketchUp Viewer

Today's project is an attempt to clarify whether or not to use a four- or a five-helix design when scaling/deforming screw threads.  I may have given the wrong impression that Metric/ISO Threads must always be made with 4 helixes which is not the case.  They can also be made with 5 helixes but require a couple more steps which is not a big deal in my opinion.  Today's models provide a comparision of the two designs (see images below).

Also worth mentioning is an observation that extra lengths of helix lines above and below the bolt cylinder should be trimmed before scaling/deformation takes place.  From my experience, this seems to be more critical with the 4 helix design.  Leaving them attached while scaling/deforming 4 helix threads tended to distort the runouts at the top and bottom.  The distortion that results may require extra work.

• Metric/ISO 4 and 5 Helix Screw Threads  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open. 

• Metric/ISO 4 and 5 Helix Screw Threads for SketchUp Viewer  will open in your browser. (Not editable with viewer.)

February 24, 2024  Four and Five Helix Screw Thread Designs-- SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Today's projects consist of two screw thread styles that can be drawn from scratch without a helix or thread making extension.  A 4-helix design is used for the ISO Metric Screw Thread and a 5-helix design is used for drawing the SAE/Imperial Screw Thread.

For the Imperial Thread, an additional helix was required for drawing an extra distortion when forming vertical lines for the root above and below the half angles.  On the other hand, the Metric Thread design has the entire minor diameter (root) attached to only one of the half angles where the crest is 1/2 the value of the root (exterior thread).  The crest = 1/8 of the thread pitch; the root = 1/4 of the pitch (external thread).

The root of the Imperial Thread is divided into an upper and lower half where the roots 1/16 + 1/16 = 1/8 which is equal to the crest that is 1/8 of the thread pitch (Internal and External Thread).  This is necessitated because of the way SketchUp distorts (folds) adjacent line entities when forming the thread.  Both the upper and lower root areas are selected during the scaling/deforming process.

Note:  These are the dimensions applied to models in this post.  Dimensions are relative to a 4800mm bolt diameter with a 600mm thread pitch, 30 Degrees half angles, and 8 Threads/4800mm.

Scaling to actual size using the Tape Measure Tool spanning the bolt diameter is not shown.  Resizing can be done using either mm or inches.  For example, 4800mm ---> 1"  or  4800mm ---> 25.4mm.  Today's and previous models were drawn using the metric scale.  Some measurements using SketchUp Free and Viewer may appear in inches, however.

Thread scaling/deformation was performed by dragging the mid-corner handle downward (Ctrl key depressed--Scale About Center) until it touches the point of the red triangle drawn at the corner of the minor diameters of both thread styles.  Scale About Center has been explained in numerous posts throughout this web page.

Lastly, step-by-step details are shown on how to create the thread runout at the top of the bolt (nearest the head).  The Follow Me Tool was used to create the upper half of the thread runout by adding a 30 Degrees Triangle around the circumference (shown in Green in the model). This technique creates unwanted internal geometry that should be erased; however, before it can be erased, the external thread geometry must be manually aligned (redrawn) as shown in the  image below.  Intersection of faces may not work in this instance, so redrawing connecting lines in the Hidden Line View mode is another option that is actually easier than it looks.  Ctrl-Eraser is used to individually smooth each redrawn line.  A few lines may need to be hidden.  After re-alignment is completed, it is safe to erase internal geometry without damaging the model.

Some of the images shown below have been rendered with Twilight Render Extension for a more photo realisitc appearance.  Another method for creating threads is posted on January 2, 2024.  Instead of deforming helixes, this method is made up of individual thread segments built around a thread profile that are connected together to form the thread.  The top runout for this style of thread is more exacting, but it also requires manual manipulation of geometry.  The January 2 Viewer file shows differences in the design (see links below).

Here are links to download or view recent SketchUp screw thread models.  If you don't have SketchUp, models can be viewed with SketchUp Viewer; however, they cannot be edited in Viewer.

• ISO/Metric 4-Helix Screw Thread  requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.  Today's detailed ISO 4-Helix Screw Thread Design.

• ISO/Metric 4-Helix Screw Thread for SketchUp Viewer  will open in your browser.   Today's detailed ISO 4-Helix Screw Thread Design.

• Thread Comparison requires SketchUp Make or higher version to open.  Today's ISO/Metric 4-Helix and SAE/Imperial 5-Helix Threads. 

• Thread Comparison for SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser.  Today's ISO/Metric 4-Helix and SAE/Imperial 5-Helix Threads.

• SAE/ Imperial 5-Helix Thread requires SketchUp to open September 16, 2023 post, earlier version.

• SAE/Imperial 5-Helix Thread for Viewer September 16, 2023 post, earlier version--more setup involved but makes a cleaner thread runout.

• SAE/Imperial Segmented Screw Thread with Detailed Thread Runout requires SketchUp to open, January 2 , 2024.post.

• SAE/Imperial Segmented Screw Thread with Detailed Thread Runout for Viewer January 2, 2024 post.

January 12, 2024  Easy Draw Four Sided to 8 Sided Pyramids--SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Today's Pyramids model uses a similar slope angle as the "Great Pyramid" and also contains a slight concave indentation at the mid point of each of the four sides.

With scaling about center, the two pairs of sides--Left & Right and Top & Bottom when viewed from the top--can be converted from a square to an octagonal pyramid--however, the modification is barely noticeable (see images below).  For the concave conversion the percent of scaling chosen was 2% inward at midpont for each pair of sides.

Today's model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link:  Easy Draw Pyramids for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:  Easy Draw Pyramids.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

January 2, 2024  Segmented Bolt Threads with Detailed Runout--SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

The new year begins with a rehash of an older technique for modeling a bolt with SketchUp Make.   Twenty-four individual thread segments are duplicated to form one revolution of a One-inch diameter, 8 TPI (Coarse Thread) Bolt.  This approach makes it easier to form a "machined" thread runout at the top of the bolt (runout that enters the clearance area/gutter closest to the head of the bolt).

It is possible to create a realistic thread runout that resembles what a turning lathe would create by carefully aligning a grouped conical surface (30 Degree Angle) at the point of runout (see images and links to models below).  Most of the 3D models I've seen don't address the alignment procedure very clearly, if at all.  This example actually looks like the metal has been removed (the thread runout) by a lathe cutting tool--a small detail, but adds a lot to the overall design.

Today's model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link:   Bolt with Detailed Thread Runout for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:  Bolt with Detailed Thread Runout.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

December 20, 2023  Conical Spiral Coil II--SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Eight images are shown for today's project below.  The entire process, including a new and improved method for constructing a coiled helix is shown in the linked SketchUp files at the end of this post.

The initial helix was designed with a diameter that was 4 times wider than the height to accommodate fatter coils at the bottom.  Even though the helix was slightly elongated, the bulky shape made it impossible to rescale the upper sections due to sticking geometry of the fatter cylindrical coil.

There was a simple solution, however.  It was possible to scale up to the point where sticking (touching spiral surfaces) occurred.  The last successfully scaled cylindrical segment was the cut-off (erasure) point.  The original helical line remained inside the spiral cylinder and could be used with Follow Me to extend a smaller diameter cylinder to the end of the helix.

Since there happened to be 20 remaining segments formed after the new section was added, five percent of the diameter was deducted for each of the remaining segments.  Thus, scaling .95 for the first new segment, .90 for the second, .85 for the third, ... until the final segment which had to be manually closed as it approached One point (see SketchUp Viewer).  This step was not required for yesterday's project where most of the difficulty/conjestion was experienced in the bottom half.  Today, it was just the opposite.

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Cone Spiral II for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  Also, Tapered Coil for Viewer.  Enlarged and repaired a few flaws on the finished coil.

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:  Tapered Cone Spiral II.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.  Also, Tapered Coil.  Enlarged and repaired a few flaws on the finished coil.

December 19, 2023  Conical Spiral Coil Scaled from a Cylindrical Spiral Coil--SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Today's project is a 3D conical spiral that follows a conical helix drawn with the Follow Me Tool.  Without the aid of specialized extensions or plugins, the starting point is to draw a conical helical cylinder and then scale down one end of each cylinder segment until it resembles a spiral-shaped cone (see images below).

 Approximately 100 Scale About Center steps were used to form the spiraling cone around an elongated concial helix that was originally drawn for the December 11 project.  Geometry changed with every scaled segment which can be seen in the Hidden Line View (see image 2 below).  In order to keep the scaling organized, it was necessary to label every 10 scaled segments as they were completed.

All segments (about 4 wraps of 24 segments each) were individually reduced (scaled down) by .01 (one percent) using Scale About Center.  First, beginning with the bottom circle segment (one up from the base), the Scale Tool was used repeatedly to Ctrl-drag/push (about center) a corner to corner grip by increments as follows:   .99, .98, .97... until .06 was reached near the top.  At this point the last segment was scaled to a point and lengthened (stretched) by 3 using the scaling tool.

Selecting a circle segment to be scaled was difficult at first, but became easier as the segment diameters became smaller.  Many rotations and alignments were required to position the view to optimize the selection process.  Shift-Select was used to deselect unwanted lines and surfaces, as needed, where geometry was cramped or otherwise difficult to select.

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Cone Spiral or Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:   Tapered Cone Spiral.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

December 11, 2023  Tapered Screw Thread IV--SketchUp Make

The December 10 post did not explain how to form tapered helixes.  That topic was illustrated in previous posts:   August 19, 2023, December 3, SketchUp Viewer and SketchUp.skp Links had already covered it.  Today's SketchUp Viewer and SketchUp.skp Links also repeats these steps, but with a slightly different approach to positioning the five tapered helixes.

There are many ways to complete these steps.  When using SketchUp Make or SketchUp Free, it's worth the time to experiment in an effort to find the most "fool-proof" or reliable method.

Secondly, another area that was vague, dealt with how to seamlessly fit the cone helix spirals to the cylinder helix coils so they could be scaled/deformed into a continuous thread.  Today's model shows some improvement regarding the transitional geometry between the cone and cylinder.

Even with greater care taken, a "blow out" occurred when scaling the threads.  It wasn't serious.  All that was needed to fix the distorted surface was to erase one line and trace over another (see images below).  Click Left arrow < overlayed on images to view them in sequence from start to finish.

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Screw Thread IV for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:   Tapered Screw Thread  IV.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

______________________________________

Comments:

• Using a 32 segment  circle was not a randomly selected starting point.  The number 32 is a common denominator of fractional elements used to model a 5 helix thread.  The profile was intially divided into 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 fractions (Divisions of an 800mm pitch thread profile).

• Also, 8 TPI (threads per inch was scaled up in millimeters to 6400mm--8 x 800 pitch = 6400).  Likewise, the scaled up diameter of a 1" diameter thread = 6400 mm.  Note:  Final Scaling is performed at the end of the drawing the model, if desired.  For example,the compeled screw could be scaled down to a 1/8" diameter sheet metal screw.

• Another fact is that 32 segments produces a 11.25 Degrees rotation of each segment around the center axis.  (11.25 x 32 = 360 Degrees).  When choosing the segment count, avoid numbers that divide 360 degrees by repeating fractions.  Level of precision will be questionable for helix creation--from my experience, they will not work.

• SketchUp circles are made up of a series of line segments that cannot be described as perfectly round. Every segment of a helix must land on a pre-defined position such as 11.25 degrees on an identically sized conical surface.  If misaligned, the helix coil will not adhere to the surface of the cone required for thread scaling/deformation.  This also applies to cylindrical thread scaling/deformation.

• The 32 segments circle used for drawing a bolt or screw produces a slightly rough exterior, 16 segments would be twice as rough, whereas 64 and 128 segments would be progressively smoother.  However, the duplication of two or four times more tapered helixes would become messy and difficult to work with using techniques applied in this post.  (Helix drawing Extensions may be a better alternative for greater smoothness.)

• Lastly, calculating the thread slope is also contingent on the number of segments in a circle.  Since the pitch of one thread revolution is 800mm, the slope height per circle segment is 25mm (32 x 25 = 800mm).

December 10, 2023  Tapered Screw Thread III--SketchUp and Twilight Render Extension

The two previous posts showing a conical thread attached to a cylindrical thread did not have roots with equal widths.  Today's post addresses this flaw by modifying the thread profile so that it can accommodate a tapered thread alignment.  Today's version also has the cone and cylinder sections scaled simultaneously.

Merging the cone and cylindrical threads required manual modification to areas where the upper part of the cylinder connects to the base of the cone.  Getting the linkage perfect requires a bit more patience than I possess.  The end result, however, was satisfactory and did not require further editing after thread deformation/scaling.  The renderings are adequate for illustrative purposes but lack precsion to be considered a measured drawing (see images below).  View images by pressing the left arrow < overlayed on images for sequence from start to finish.

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Screw Thread III for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:   Tapered Screw Thread III.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

December 5, 2023  Tapered Screw Thread II--SketchUp

Message for New Visitors:

• For people who have never thought about computer-related 3D modeling or have accidentally clicked on this website, things may be unfamiliar.  3D modeling attracts the attention of many people with varied interests--Drawing Floor Plans, 3D printing, Design, Carpentry, Metal Working,  Arts and Crafts, to name a few.

• If you are interested, SketchUp Free (online version) is a good place to start 3D modeling.  Most of my SketchUp models could be done with the online version, except for Twilight Renderings (hobby version) that are shown in earlier posts.

• Additionally, using a Free Trimble Account (Cloud based) is an excellent way to share your completed or ongoing projects.  SketchUp Viewer (for the browser) can be linked to share your work with others who do not have SketchUp or do not want to download files.

• Recent SketchUp projects on this website can be completed with a basic to intermediate skill levels.  They are the result of repetition and practice--successes as well as failures.

• I have dwelled on projects using spirals or helixes because their creation requires a high degree of accuracy.  Multi-steps models utilizing helixes as shown below either work or they don't.   Fortunately, frequent use of "Undo" can fix most problems.  It is important to "Save" frequently and to keep a backup copy of work in progress.

• Another handy method for preventing major blunders is to duplicate each step of a multi-step project as they are completed.  It enables you to return to a previous step and completely redo all or part of it from that point onward, if necessary.   Most projects completed on this website utilize the step duplication method.  For illustrative purposes step duplication also provides a sequence of steps; but, it is a very inefficient use of computer memory and disk storage space.  Preliminary steps should be deleted upon project completion--although you may want to save a backup of all steps as well for later revision or updates.

• Projects drawn from scratch are time consuming and often tedious.  Using pre-drawn SketchUp components or using extensions to perform specific tasks are faster, but in my opinion, less fulfilling for hobbyists such as myself. 

• SketchUp provides flexibility on how you want to accomplish a task.  Again, in my opinion, the best way is not always the fastest or most efficient way regarding computer file size.

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Here is another way of forming the thread that was previously posted on December 3.  In today's version the scaling of the cone and cylinder sections are done simultaneously.  More attention to merging the cone with the upper part of the cylinder is required, but the trade off is that no touchup will be required if all goes well (see images below).  

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Screw Thread II for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:   Tapered Screw Thread II.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

December 3, 2023  Tapered Hex Metal Screws---SketchUp, Twilight Render Extension

Today's SketchUp model is a followup on the August 19 and 20 models of wood screws.  The November 21 thread design (see below) was incorporated with the tapered thread point for today's metal screws. 

The model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Tapered Hex (Allen) Screws for Viewer (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).   I have purposely left redundant thread scaling steps that illustrate how changing the helix positions affect the shape of the tapered thread.

Here is a link to the SketchUp Make skp file available for download:   Tapered Hex (Allen) Screws.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

November 24, 2023   Hard to Find 2022 posts--SketchUp and other Projects--SketchUp, Twilight Render Extension, and GIMP

To access these projects, click SketchUp Projects listed in the left sidebar Menu.  Then Click the Link at the Top of the page for the 2021-- 2022 Archive and scroll down to April and May's posts, for example.  Sorry about the spaghetti bowl organization.

Below are direct links to their content folders along with a brief desciption of each project. These projects represented a substantial amount of effort and are worthy of being shared once more.  Notice that some of the folders contain updates that represent refinements made to earlier versions.

Folder Contents of selected 2022 posts:

Folder Creation Date:  April 10, 2022
Hammer Projection.  Projected 3D Images of a claw hammer created from a photo imported into SketchUp make..

Folder Creation Date:  April 12, 2022
New Wrench and Try Square.  Model and Images of an antique Monkey Wrench and a Try Square.

Folder Creation Date:  April 13, 2022
Try Square with Engraved Markings.  Model and Images showing engraved marks on a Try Square.

Folder Creation Date:  April 14, 2022
Reciprocating Hand Drill.  Models and Images of an antique Reciporating Hand Drill (several versions).

Folder Creation Date:  April 15, 2022
Monkey Wrench Projection.  Model and Images of an antique Monkey Wrench..

Folder Creation Date:  April 20, 2022
Ice Sculpture.  Photography, Melting Madonna, ice formation enhanced with GIMP.

Folder Creation Date:  April 23, 2022
Door Knob Screw Driver.  Models and Images of a small Offset Screwdriver shown with other antique hand tools.

Folder Creation Date:  May 5, 2022
Forty-Nine Hudson.  Models and Images of our old car.

-- Here are a few images --

November 21, 2023 Horizontal Layout for 1" Diameter 8 TPI Thread--SketchUp Make

This is a modification of earlier thread models.  It is the first one posted that shows all steps with a horizontal center axis rather than a vertical axis.  It may (or may not) be easier to visualize the thread profile and all steps required to scale a five helix thread.

The model has been drawn in millimeters; however, the finished thread can be easily scaled down to a 1" diameter using SketchUp's Tape Measure Tool.  The entire model stays in correct proportions using this technique.

I will not elaborate any further because everything shown here has been discussed in previous posts.

Today's Model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Horizontal Thread Layout for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).

Here is the Link to the SketchUp Make skp file:   Horizontal Thread Layout.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

Here is an mp4 video, made with the Bandicam Screen Capture application, that shows helix duplication and alignment, and, the scaling and deformation of the thread:   Scaling The Thread on Its Horizontal Axis.  Explanation:  Both parts of the root (shown in red) were Shift Selected. Then the Scale Tool was selected.  Next, the mid-corner handle/grip (appeared after Scale Tool was pressed) was selected while holding down the Ctrl-Key (Scale about Center).  Lastly, the selected handle/grip was pulled down until it touched the tip of the Scaling/Alignment Point--(small red triangle).  After the thread was formed, the Mouse and the Ctrl-Key were released.

Click the Left Arrow  below ( < ) to view the images from start to finish.

November 9, 2023 How to Draw a 3/8" Screw 24 TPI--SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Todays images include detailed instructions for creating a screw thread using 5 Helixes to scale/deform the thread.  A slotted round head has been added to the top with two renderings completed with Twilight Rendering Extension.

This model was created with SketchUp Make.  Here is its SketchUp Viewer Link.   Three-Eighths Inch Screw Thread for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  Here is the Link to the SketchUp Make skp file:   Three-Eights Inch Screw Thread.  Will open in SketchUp Make or later versions.

Click the Left Arrow  below ( < ) to view the images from start to finish.

November 2, 2023 How to Draw Threads with Multiple Helixes--SketchUp Free (Online Version)

Here is another approach for drawing threads.  The example represents a 1" diameter coarse thread (8 tpi).  Values in the model are scaled in feet but the finished thread can easily be scaled down to a 1" diameter by using the Tape Measure Tool.

Here is the link to the Video Screen Capture showing Helix Duplication and Thread Scaling/Deformation steps for a Five Helix Thread using SketchUp Make.  The Ctrl Key was held down while duplicating the helixes and also while scaling/deforming the thread.  The red areas between the narrow aligned helixes are the two-part thread root that was selected (shift select) before the mid corner scaling handle was pulled downward to the alignment point.

In the video, the green mid point corner handle/grip will change color from green to red when it is selected.  Then depress Ctrl key to begin scaling about center.  The grip is then pulled downward to the alignment point to complete the scaling about the center axis thread deformation.  The root (red area) will be scaled inward based on the intersection of lines extented from the minor thread diameter (corner point on the scaling/deformation alignment guide). The Thread Profile insertion at the base marks the inside/minor thread diameter.

Today's Model was created with SketchUp Free only.  Here is the SketchUp Viewer Link.   How to Draw a Coarse Thread for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  Here is the Link to the SketchUp Free skp file:   How to Draw a Coarse Thread.  (Will not open in SketchUp Make.  Requires a more recent version of SketchUp).

Thread Descriptions:

The model is a four helix design where the root is located at the bottom of the thread profile and produces a root that is twice as wide as the crest.

A five helix design (See September 15 post below) requires different spacing on the thread profile and produces a slightly deeper thread depth.  The half angles using a 30 degrees line terminate at the root 1/16 vertical distance from the top and bottom of the pitch (vertical length of one thread).  Together, the two 1/16 areas form a 1/8 section that is equal to the crest.  When scaling this design, two areas need to be selected to form the thread where the root and crest are of equal size--that is, the 1/16th area between Helix 1 and 2 and the 1/16th area above Helix 5 (see thread profile comparisons below).

The model(s) are a mixture of imperial and metric terminology and are intended for illustrative purposes only.  As long as the proportions are correct, scaling can be performed using either standard.

Click the left arrow < below to view images in their order of completion.

October 16, 2023 3D Graph Paper--SketchUp Make

Interpreting graphs can be difficult enough without adding another dimension to untangle.  However, if you're looking for a snappy cover page for a report or presentation, SketchUp can be helpful in creating what you want. 

Here is a typical Cartesian graph using duplicated lines and and numbers that have been grouped and locked.  In SketchUp Make and SketchUp Free, if a locked group is selected, it will appear in red.  Therefore, if you plot unlocked points and lines on top, it should appear in contrasting colors depending on what is selected.  For example, if unlocked plotted points and lines are selected (Shift Select or Group Select) they should appear in blue, or in black if unselected (see below).

Instead of using 2D Graphic Export... to create a jpeg image, I have first selected the locked graph and then used a screen capture tool, such as the Snipping Tool (Windows).

The graph was initially layed out facing the Top view.  By changing the angle, it is possible to add perspective as shown below.

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Graph Paper for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer--red and blue cannot be selected).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Graph Paper  (requires SketchUp to Open).

September 23,  2023  Refined Sprocket Design (Concluded).  SketchUp Make and Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Previous versions of the front and back sprockets had blunt teeth that would require perfect algnment for the chain to mesh with the gears.  This project illustrates how a concave taper was added to the teeth of the front and back sprockets.

Steps included designing a concave tapered tooth profile that would later be used to encircle all teeth/cogs by applying the Follow Me Tool.  The sprocket and concave tapered ring was then exploded (assuming they had been grouped), selected, and then intersected (faces with selection).

Excess material was erased and/or deleted to form the tapered teeth.  (Lots of fun with much cleanup of hidden geometry.)  More details are given in the images below.  Click Left Arrow to view steps from start to finish.

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Refined Sprockets for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Refined Sprockets  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 20,  2023  Sprockets and Chain.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

My first coaster break bicycles had the sprocket and crank combined.  With one pedal removed the entire assembly could be slipped through the frame.  These were single gear bikes with balloon tires that were better suited for gravel roads.  I became an expert patching inner tubes at a very young age.

Later, I adapted one of these old bikes to fit a salvaged Whizzer Motor Bike engine by bending the cranks outward using an acetylene torch, large vise, and a piece of pipe for leverage. The clearance on each side of the motor required a double bend on both cranks.

Later 10 and 12 speed bicycles were more sophisticated and faster, but far less comfortable to ride.

Today's front and rear sprockets have been drawn substantially thicker than those shown in version 1 and 2 (see preveious posts below).  The 32-tooth front sprocket with a matching 8-tooth back sprocket has been fit with a chain of equal width.  Initially, I had drawn a 6-tooth back sprocket but then realized it was barely visible in rendered images.

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Sprockets and Chain for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: Sprockets and Chain  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 19,  2023  Sprockets v2.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

The Chainring Sprocket below was drawn with 32 teeth.  The center was designed to slide onto a splined shaft.

Interior metal has been removed as illustrated in the rendered drawings below (Click left arrow to view image sequence from start to finish).

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Sprocketsv2 Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: Sprockets v2  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 18,  2023  Sprockets.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Here is an easy method for drawing a sprocket such as those used for chain driven bicycles.  No chain mesh factors were included in the 24 tooth/cogs sprocket shown below.  Chainrings of bicycles usually have 30 or 32 teeth that are inset deeper into the ring than those shown below.

Sprocket weight reduction can be achieved in a number of ways:  Initially, when they are manufactured through casting, molding or fabrication; or, by a variety of machining techniques to either remove material or to create indentations in non-critical areas.  Strength and rigidity must be maintained, however.

Today's example looks heavy for a typical bicycle.  Several preliminary designs were modified due to potential weak spots.  I still have a questionable narrow area between two triangles that appears to lack purpose other than to collect mud.

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Sprockets for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: Sprockets  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 16,  2023  Five Helix Imperial Thread Template.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Today's followup is an attempt to better clarify how thread runouts are drawn near the top of the bolt.   To do  this, I have created a template of sorts that shows the bottom portion of the bolt shank being replaced with the length of thread from yesterday's post.

A gutter or clearance is drawn below the shank that connects to the bolt head.  It is reduced to a diameter equal to (or slightly less than) the Minor Diameter--root of the bolt threads.

The bolt design and dimensions are based on yesterday's model.  I have added another chamfer directly below the bolt head.  Extra material at a 45 degree angle is more durable than a 90 degree angle.  I have purposely avoided rounding edges and corners on the head of the bolt--it would have looked more finished had I completed the extra steps (see images below).

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Five Helix Thread Template for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Helix Thread Template  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 15,  2023  Five Helix Imperial Thread Design.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Drawing today's thread required an additional fifth helix because the Thread Root is drawn with upper and lower halves that when combined equal the width of the Thread Crest. Previous ISO Metric Threads have been drawn with Thread Roots with 2x the Thread Crests width.  The ISO Metric Thread Profile is drawn with the entire root located at the bottom, thus eliminating the need for the fifth helix (see August 18 post below).

The thread profile for this project is designed for a 1" diameter, 8 TPI coarse thread.  SketchUp dimensions for the layout are 2400mm radius and 600mm pitch.  The circle used for the bolt diameter has 24 segments which did not render as smoothly as some of my earlier thread posts with higher segment counts (see images below).

Here are links to the 3D SketchUp files.   Five Helix Imperial Thread for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Helix Imperial Thread  (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 13,  2023  Drawing Dice with SketchUp Version 4 -- Chubby Dice.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

This is the fourth and final version of the Five Dice Model.  Today's version is basically the same as version 3 except with fewer mistakes.  One corner alignment could have been better, but it was easy to fix by re-routing a few lines.

The original 1000 x 1000mm cube was scaled 1.5 in order to make a chubbier body to hold the dotted surfaces (see SketchUp Viewer link below).  The curved bevels are more noticeable and triangular corners are larger as well.

From Contours produced a substantial number of extraneous lines on the adjacent surface that were painstakingly erased.  There were none of these lines in version 3's model--the curved bevels had a 31.25mm depth, whereas today's was 150mm.  That must have had something to do with it.  Again, it was necessary to rotate the entire dice body 90 degrees in order to fill in vertical bevels using the From Contours Tool (SketchUp Make).

Here are links to 3D SketchUp files for Version 4.   Five Dice v4 for Viewer     (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Dice v4 (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 12,  2023  Drawing Dice with SketchUp Version 3.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Here is the third version of the Five Dice Model.  I experienced a few glitches along the way while drawing the model but was able to repair most of the mistakes that were probably due to sloppy line placement or mistyping decimal fractions while using the Inset Tool.  When drawing models from scratch and without using a pre-measured plan, etc., you learn as you go.

This time, I decided to draw the beveled edges with a subtle outward curve bordering all sides of the six faces containing the dots.  The 1000mm x 1000mm dotted faces were resused from Version 1.  The original blank cube dimension was scaled to 1.125 of its orginal size.  From there, I added a 62.5mm inset--one-half of the 125mm enlargement--to each blank face.  Next, a 31.25mm outward curve was added to every edge (see images below).

To form the bevel, the interiors of the curved areas were deleted and then refilled using the From Contours Tool (Select four sides/curves defining area to be filled and click From Contours).  I experienced a quirk when using the From Contours Tool in SketchUp Make:  Horizontally drawn curves forming the bevel filled correctly; however, vertical curves failed to fill until I rotated the entire dice cube 90 degrees to temporarilly place the curved lines in a horizontal postion.

When moving and combining parts, all separate elements were grouped to avoid unwanted sticking. Both interior and exterior Dark Red Surfaces were painted because the dice were going to be made transparent (allowing inspection to prevent illegal use of loaded dice).

Today's dice have a better appearance--triangular corners, flat surfaces, and curved bevels reflect light similar to cut glass.

Here are links to 3D SketchUp files for Version 3.   Five Dice v3 for Viewer  (SketchUp Viewer will open in your browser when the link is clicked (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Dice v3 (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 11,  2023  Drawing Dice with SketchUp Version 2.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

Today's SketchUp project is a followup on yesterday's five dice model.  Edges and corners have been modified to some degree. 

Unfortunately, I fell into the trap of performing many unnecessary steps that didn't yield the results I was expecting (see images below).  I attempted to intersect a sphere with the corners of the dice and then trim off the corners.  The portions trimmed were small and did not appear to be round due to the fact that each were positioned between two circle/sphere segments which were larger than the area to be trimmed.

The end result could have been accomplished by simply drawing a triangular shape in each of the eight corners.  Additonally, because of a sphere alignment error, gaps in the bevel geometry required mending with the From Contours Tool (SketchUp Make).  This slipshod approach happens occasionally and it's usually best to start over.  From a distance the dice look o.kay, but closer inspection reveals a few rough edges near the corners.

Here are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed dice with additional layout and modeling steps.   Five Dice v2 for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Dice v2 (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

September 10,  2023  Drawing Dice with SketchUp.  SketchUp Make, Twilight Render Extension Hobby Version

In today's model, five dice have been position on a fabric table cloth.  Two versions were made.  One uses a solid Dark Red color with White dots.  The second version was changed to Dark Red adjusted to 95% opacity.   Both were assigned a Common Glass template in when rendered with the Twilight Render Extension and there wasn't much difference (see images below).

Images 1 and 2 are SketchUp make 2D graphic.  Images 3--6 were rendered with Twilight Render with one imaged rendered with a shiny plastic template rather than glass.

Also included are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed dice with the layout and modeling steps.   Five Dice for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Five Dice (requires SketchUp to Open).

Comment:  Functional dice should have rounded edges and corners for several reasons.  Square cubes don't roll very good. Sharp edges and corners don't feel very good either.  Sharp edges and corners would ruin the Craps Table covering or other surfaces.  With a little extra effort, beveled edges and rounded corners can be added to the model.

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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 31,  2023  Red Bird Movie.  Blender, SketchUp Make with Twilight Animation Editor, VeeDub64, and MovieMaker

Here is a short video animation created using the applications listed above.   A brief description of the entire process is:

1.  Use Blender to sculpt a bird's head using 3 Mesh/UV Spheres, for the eyes and head, and export them as a Collada file.

2.  Import Collada file into SketchUp Make, explode it, change some geometry, paint and smooth/soften edges and coplaner.  Create 10 scenes by changing camera position for each scene.

3. Apply Twilight Render Extension (Hobby version) in SketchUp Make to create a single rendered image of Scene 1's starting position (See below).  Next, use Twilight Render's Animation Editor to create a low quality image Set of 160 pics at 16 fps with a length of 10 seconds (renders quickly compared to higher quaiity options, 21 minutes).

4. Open Image Set folder in VeeDub64, set Frame Rate to 16 fps, and save it as an AVI video (file size, 550 MB, but takes only a few seconds to process).  

5. Drag AVI file into Movie Maker and save it for a High Definition Display (also takes a few seconds to convert to Mp4, file size is about 3.5 MB).

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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 21,  2023  Modeling Ball Bearings.  SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension; also Free Morphing, GIMP, VeeDub64, and MovieMaker for Animations and Videos

Today, I have updated a model completed December 23, 2019.  At the time, I had drawn a wood lathe that I built in 1977 and used over the next 30 years.  In 2019, I never took the time to provide realistic 3D front and back bearings in the Headstock of the lathe.  It was a 2D group of flat gradient colored circles.  Too many circles were drawn and it looked pretty bad (see image below).

Now, nearly four years later, a new 3D version of the bearing has been drawn.  Technically, it doesn't follow any specs except it does have 9 ball bearings instead of many tiny ones.  It looks more realistic when added to a large model as shown below. 

A bearing cage was added inside the bearing later in the project,  Its purpose in a functional bearing is to prevent the ball bearings from rubbing against each other while the shaft is turning.  That feature was not added to the wood lathe SketchUp model, however.

Due to the dusty environment near the Headstock, sealed bearings would have been a better option; but I had bought a pair of reasonably priced high quality open bearings mounted in housings at a surplus store.  I drilled and tapped holes on the top of each housing and screwed in zerks for lubrication.  The lathe always ran smoothly and quietly, regardless of the wood dust.

• Below are images of several bearings, steps for drawing them, and before-and-after images of the lathe with the old and new and improved bearings in the headstock.  See the SketchUp Viewer Model below or click the left arrow for the correct sequence of images from start to finish.

• Beneath the still images are four animations and two extended play mp4 videos that were created using a variety of tools.  These rudimentary examples demonstrate how a 3D model can be utilized in a variety of applications.

• Here are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed bearing.   Ball Bearings for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Ball Bearings (requires SketchUp to Open).

• In addition, here are links showing the updated headstock bearing (w/o cage).  Wood Lathe for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Wood Lathe Update (requires SketchUp to Open).

• Lastly,  here is the link to a PDF presentation of the Wood Lathe created in 2019:  Wood Lathe--PDF File.  You may notice I have since taken out a few wrinkles on the Tool Rest and Bearing Housings on the Headstock as well as reduced the size of the huge nuts that secure the Tailstock and Tool Rest Cross Slide.  The PDF file also shows the old 2-D bearings in the Headstock.  Several photos of the original lathe are included at the end of the presentation.
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 20,  2023  Drawing Deck Screws.  SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension (Hobby Version)

Here is an updated version of a similar post made a year or two ago.  Yesterday's project was incorporated into today's hexagonal deck screw model.

The main purpose of today's post is to explain steps for joining the upper cone section of the screw (which was explained in yesterday's post) with the bottom cylindrical section, shank, and hexagonal screw head.  The screw thread is made in two sections (cone and cylinder) and later stitched together by redoing some of the geometry to even things out.

Once the upper and lower portion of the screw threads were scaled/deformed, the transitional geometry located between the bottom of the cone and top of the cylinder was manually erased and redrawn.  This was done with the Hidden Line View turned on.  Connecting lines were drawn with the Line Tool and smoothed with Ctrl-Eraser.  No evidence of the patch is visible.

See the SketchUp Viewer Model below or click the left arrow below for the correct sequence of images from start to finish.

Here are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed deck screw with layout and modeling steps.   Hexagonal Deck Screws for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: Hexagonal Deck Screws (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 19,  2023  Conical Spirals--Screw points.  SketchUp Make

Here is an updated version of a similar post made a year or two ago.  Conical spirals require a bit more patience than helixes drawn on a cylinder.  Multiple conical helixes behave in a similar manner as helixes drawn separately on a cylinder used for creating a threaded bolt.

This model takes advantage of the ability of the spiral lines to adhere to the cone's surface for shaping a thread-like screwpoint (see SketchUp Viewer model below).  Either the selected helix(es) or area(s) between pairs of helixes may be used to scale/deform a screw-shaped object.

Four helix lines were drawn on the surface of a cone. Initially, Helix 1 was duplicated and rotated 180 degrees about center.  When one of the helixes was exploded and deselected it became stuck on the surface. When the second helix was exploded, it was scaled about center before it was deslected and caused the cone to deform--either indented or expanded outward, depended on the scaling values-- 0.99 and below, for example, indents the deformation while 1.01 and above expands the cone.

One of the middle corner handles is moved with the Ctrl key depressed, then two inward values:  0.66, 0.66 are entered in the measurements box.  Or, outward direction concentric values of 1.50, 1.50 will expand the selected line(s) and cone wherever it is attached--outward (Scaling about Center).

A better way, is to select the area between helix 1 and 2 (or another area) and scale it in the same fashion, except in this instance, all four helixes are exploded and deselected on the cone's surface before scaling (this method is easier and produces a flattened crest and gutter).

Here are several observations and remedies for what might happen that could prevent scaling/deforming from working:

• Due to minute surface warping at the tip of the cone after exploding, it is a good practice to redraw the topmost helix segments so that each is in physical contact with the end of the vertical center axis line (zoom in close).  This will insure that a specific area on the cone will be selected when it is touched with the selection arrow.

• Also, the other end of each helix must be connected to the base's circle at segment connections every 15 degrees (when using a 24 segment circle)--but that is generally not a problem.

• If any part of the helix is not in contact with the surface of the cone, scaling/deformation will not occur.  The best remedy for this is to redraw the cone or check the accuracy of the helix and redo it, if necessary.  All segments of each helix must be connected and rotated perpendicular about the center axis.

• Lastly, it's easy to screw up when drawing screws.  Duplicate each major step as you proceed, save frequently, and use Undo to correct missteps. It gets easier with practice and repetition.                      

More examples demonstrate how various helixes can be rotated in 15 degree increments and still maintain their ability to stick to the cone.  Values used were 180, 90, 45, and 15 degrees to create several versions of the tapered screw point.  Some combinations will look better than others.  Helixes are rotated with the Rotate Tool positioned on the vertical axis.

Details regarding a tiny, but important aspect of spiral creation is discussed at length in the following three paragraphs.  It is a combination of the little things that makes the model accurate when creating screws without the aid of extensions.

• The method used today for creating the conical spiral was found on YouTube a few years ago.  I have adapted it for screw thread drawing by erasing the top rightmost segment in the element that forms the helix (see images 6 and 7 below).  Without removing the line segment that touches the point, the vertical axis will become distorted when the right side of the horizontal lines are pushed/moved upward,

• In other words, not removing the line segment will cause the entire cone spiral to be thrown out of alignment with the cone.  The vertical axis line would become tilted (no longer plumb) when the connecting line is pushed upward at an angle. Look carefully at the apex of the stack of 96 short lines to see exactly where the right connecting line was removed before the push.

• This is a critical alignment issue that can cause much frustration.  It might otherwise be resolved by temporarily grouping the vertical axis line (if divided into two parts) before the push.  The extra segment extending beyond the center axis could then be trimmed off after the vertical axis has been exploded.  I prefer the first, proactive approach.

Hare are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the conical spiral with layout and modeling steps.   Conical Spirals for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: Conical Spirals (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 18,  2023  V-shaped and ISO Metric Thread Profile Comparison.  SketchUp Make

When drawing a V-shaped thread from scratch with SketchUp Make, there are a few changes to be made in the layout of the thread profile as it applies to the use of helixes.

Most of the recent posts to this website show an ISO metric layout where the root is 2x the crest.  The crest represents 1/8 of the total pitch value and the root area measures 1/4 positioned at the bottom.

A crested V-shaped thread has the root and crest of equal length, i.e. 1/8 of the pitch value.  To accomplish this, 1/16 needs to be position at both ends of the thread profile.  To maintain the same half angles of 30 Degrees and the same pitch (600mm in the model linked below), it is necessary to extend the Thread Depth by 20% of the value of a similar sized ISO metric thread profile.  In other words, the thread depth is deeper (see images below).

Because the root of the V-shaped thread must be divided into upper and lower elements, there is a need for an additional helix to be added to the top of the thread profile for the second root position. Five helixes are needed for this design. 

When scaling/deforming the ISO Metric Thread, it is only necessary to select the wider single root area at the bottom (four helixes required for the profile).  The same principle applies to Internally threaded nuts or tapped holes; however, sizing of nuts and tapped holes are not within the scope of today's topic.

When scaling/deforming the shape of the V-shaped thread it is necessary to select Both upper and lower areas defined by the first and fifth helixes.

Earlier posts explain in detail how to use the Minor Thread Diameter as a reference for scaling/deforming the thread shape about center.

Also included are links to 3D SketchUp files showing a section of thread for both styles along with layout and modeling steps.   V-shaped and ISO Metric Comparison for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is: V-shaped and ISO Metric Comparison (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 13,  2023  Taper Shank Drill.  SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Taper Shank Drills fit directly into the spindle of a drill press, or can replace the center in the Tail Stock of a metal lathe.  Adapters and sleeves can be used for various taper conversion and for use in milling machines.

Today's project and drawings approximate a Morse #2 Taper Skank Drill based on tables furnished by manufacturers.  I have transposed all values to correlate with 1" equaling 5,193 mm in the model linked below. From my own experience, trying to manipulate very short lines when working with a 1:1 scale model has resulted in frequent crashes.  Therefore, everything is made BIG.

The same design and color scheme was applied that was also used for the August 11 post.  All that has been changed is the shank.

Pictured below are Twilight Rendered images (a SketchUp Make Extension) as well as SketchUp Make 2D Graphic Exports. Other Images show some of the steps when drawing the tapered shank (Click left arrow for the correct step-by-step sequence).

Also included are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed drill along with the layout and modeling steps.   Taper Shank Drill for Viewer (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Taper Shank Drill (requires SketchUp to Open).
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Note:  Images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.

August 11,  2023  Revised Drill Bit v5 (Concluded).  SketchUp Make with Twilight Render Extension

Here is the fifth and final revision using a different layout pattern for applying clearance to a drill bit drawn with SketchUp (see layout images below).

Two styles of drills are shown today--one with an abrupt flute runout at the end and another with a gradual concave taper added to the end of the runout.  An extra step was required to modify the shank which would make the drill more durable as well as maintain better directional flow of chips passing through the flutes with less tangling about the drill chuck in some instances.

A simplified color scheme consisting of red for the walls of the drill bit and default white for the flutes, shank, and tip.  Later, Metal--Steel material was applied to the white, and Car Paint--Red Reflective was assigned to the SketchUp Red in Twilight Render.  The light brown base was later assigned Plastic--Shiny material in Twilight Render.

Pictured below are Twilight Rendered images (a SketchUp Make Extension) as well as SketchUp Make 2D Graphic Exports. Other Images show some of the steps when drawing (Click left arrow for the correct step-by-step sequence).

Also included are links to 3D SketchUp files showing the completed drill bit along with the layout and modeling steps.   Revised Drill Bit v5 for Viewer  (un-editable in SketchUp Viewer).  The SketchUp Make Link is:  Revised Drill Bt v5 (requires SketchUp to Open).

Next SketchUp project:  Morse Tapered Drills (no chuck required) for Large Drill Presses and Lathe Tail Stocks.
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Note:  All images and models posted to this website are for illustration only and are not intended for any other purpose.