Publications
* = joint first author; † = senior author
Publications (including archival conference papers)
Levine, S., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Chater, N., Cushman, F. and Tenenbaum, J. (2024.) When rules are over-ruled: Virtual bargaining as a contractualist method of moral judgment. Cognition, 250: 105790.
Sorensen, T., Jiang, L., Hwang, J., Levine, S., Pyatkin, V., West, P., ... & Choi, Y. (2024). Value Kaleidoscope: Engaging AI with Pluralistic Human Values, Rights, and Duties. Association for the Adancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI).
Levine, S. and Leslie, A. (2022). Preschoolers use the means-ends structure of intention to make moral judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151(11), 2893–2909.
Awad, E.* & Levine, S*., Anderson, A., Anderson, A, Conitzer, V., Crockett, M., Everett, J., Evgeniou, T., Gopnik, A., Jamison, J., Kim, T.W., Liao, S.M., Lin, P., Meyer, M., Mikhail, J., Opoku-Agyemang, K., Borg, J., Schroeder, J., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., Slavkovik, M., Tenenbaum, J. (2022). Computational Ethics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(5), 388-405.
Jin, Z.*, Levine, S.*, Gonzalez, F.*, Kamal, O., Sap, M., Sachan, M., Mihalcea, R., Tenenbaum, J., and Schölkopf, B. (2022). When to Make Exceptions: Exploring Language Models as Accounts of Human Moral Judgment. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35. (Selected for oral presentation, <1% acceptance rate.)
Levine, S., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Schulz, L., Cushman, F. and Tenenbaum, J. (2020). The logic of universalization guides moral judgment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(42), 26158-26169.
Epstein, Z., Levine, S., Rand, D., and Rahwan, I. (2020). Who gets credit for AI-generated art? iScience (special issue on Machine Behaviour), 23(9), 101515.
Levine, S., Rottman, J., Davis, T., O’Neill, E., Stich, S., and Machery, E. (2020). Religion’s impact on conceptions of the moral domain. Social Cognition, 39(1), 139-165.
Awad, E*., Levine, S.*, Kleiman-Weiner, M., Dsouza, S., Tenenbaum, J., Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J.F., Rahwan, I. (2019). Drivers are blamed more than their automated cars when both make mistakes. Nature Human Behavior, 4(2), 134-143.
Levine, S., Mikhail, J. and Leslie, A. (2018). Presumed Innocent? How Tacit Assumptions of Intentional Structure Shape Moral Judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(11), 1728.
Levine, S. Leslie, A. and Mikhail, J. (2018). The Mental Representation of Human Action. Cognitive Science, 42(4), 1229–1264.
Under Review
Wu, S., Ren, X., Choi, Y., and Levine, S.† (Under review.) Resource-rational moral judgment.
Moore, J., Choi, Y., and Levine, S.† (Under review.) Perceptions of compromise: Comparing consequentialist and contractualist accounts.
White, J., Bhui, R., Cushman, F., Tenenbaum, J., and Levine, S.† (Under review.) Moral flexibility in applying queuing norms can be explained by contractualist principles in children and adults.
Kwon, J., Tenenbaum, J., and Levine, S.† (Under review.) Neuro-Symbolic Models of Human Moral Judgment.
Levine, S., Chater, N., Tenenbaum, J. and Cushman, F. (Under review.) Resource-rational contractualism: A triple theory of moral cognition.
Kwon, J., Tenenbaum, J., and Levine, S.† (Under review.) Neuro-Symbolic Models of Human Moral Judgment: LLMs as Automatic Feature Extractors.
Jiang, L., Hwang, J. D., Bhagavatula, C., Bras, R. L., Liang, J., Levine, S.,... & Choi, Y. (Under review). Can machines learn morality? The Delphi Experiment.
Awad, E., Levine, S., Loreggia, A., Mattei, N., Rahwan, I., Rossi, F., Talamadupula, K. and Tenenbaum, J., Kleiman-Weiner, M. (Under review.) When Is It Acceptable to Break the Rules? Knowledge Representation of Moral Judgement Based on Empirical Data.
Conference and Workshop Proceedings (non-archival)
Kwon, J., Tenenbaum, J., and Levine, S.† (2023.) When it is not out of line to get out of line: The role of universalization and outcome-based reasoning in rule-breaking judgments. Accepted into Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Kwon, J., Tenenbaum, J., and Levine, S.† (2023.) Neuro-Symbolic Models of Human Moral Judgment: LLMs as Automatic Feature Extractors. Presented at 4 conferences.
- Social Intelligence in Humans and Robots. Workshop at RSS (Robotics: Science and Systems).
- Challenges of Deploying Generative AI. Workshop at ICML (International Conference on Machine Learning).
- Counterfactuals in Minds and Machines. Workshop at ICML.
- Artificial Intelligence and Human-Computer Interaction. Workshop at ICML.
Kwon, J., Tenenbaum, J. and Levine, S. (2022). Flexibility in moral cognition: When is it okay to break the rules? Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Levine, S. and Jin, Z. Competing perspectives on building ethical AI: psychological, philosophical, and computational approaches. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. (Symposium, winner of the conference-wide Disciplinary Diversity and Integration Award.)
Awad, E., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Levine, S., Loreggia, A., Mattei, N., Rahwan, I., Rossi, F., Talamadupula, K. and Tenenbaum, J. (2020.) “When Is It Morally Acceptable to Break the Rules? A Preference-Based Approach.” 12th Multidisciplinary Workshop on Advances in Preference Handling (MPREF) held at the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI).
Levine, S., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Schulz, L., Cushman, F. and Tenenbaum, J. (2019). Universalization as a Mechanism of Moral Decision-Making. Accepted into Proceedings of the 41th Annual Conference ofthe Cognitive Science Society.
Levine, S., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Chater, N., Cushman, F. and Tenenbaum, J. (2018). The Cognitive Mechanisms of Contractualist Moral Decision-Making. Accepted into Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Kleiman-Weiner, M., Gerstenberg, T., Levine, S., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2015). Inference of intention and permissibility in moral decision making. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Popular Writing
Why We Should Crowdsource AI Ethics (and How to Do So Responsibly). (Sept 7, 2020). Behavioral Scientist. With Edmond Awad.
Rethinking the ethics of AI – and ours. (May 7, 2022). The Business Times. With Edmond Awad and Theos Evgeniou.