Old Glory

Introduction

Hooray for the red, white, and blue! Students will surely give three cheers for this easy, but eye-catching, patriotic demonstration. Place three clear and nearly colorless solutions all in a row put on a patriotic Sousa march in the background, and add a single new yellow solution to each. Three cheers for the red, white, and blue—the colors of Old Glory emerge in time to the music!

Driving Question

Driving Question: What happens when you add iron (iii) to 3 different solutions?

-Different chemical reactions occur!! You presence color, state, and temperature change!

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH –(aq) Equation 1

OH–(aq) + HIn(aq) →← HOH(l) + In–(aq) Equation 2

Pb2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) Equation 3

Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) → [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) Equation 4

Concepts

• Acid–base indicators • Precipitates/Complexions

Purpose

The main purpose of my project is to be able to understand indicators, to be able to understand Physical Science, structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions. This project helped me practice my skills of constancy, change, and measurement.

The end product is to be able to tell the changes in the 3 different solutions after adding the chemical of Ammonium Hydroxide each one of these.

Materials

• Ammonium hydroxide solution,140 mL

  • Phenolphthalein indicator solution, 20 drops

  • Lead nitrate solution, 1 M, 15 drops

  • Copper(II) nitrate solution, 1 M, 15 drops

  • 3 Beakers, 100-mL,

  • Beaker, 250-mL

• Watch glass or Parafilm M®

Procedure

1. Prepare 1 M copper(II) nitrate solution by dissolving 24 g copper(II) nitrate trihydrate in 100 mL of distilled water.

2. Prepare 1 M lead nitrate solution by dissolving 33 g lead nitrate in 100 mL of distilled water.

3. Prepare 2 M ammonium hydroxide solution by adding 34 mL concentrated ammonium hydroxide to 200 mL of distilled water.

4. Dilute to 250 mL with distilled water. Perform steps 4–7 prior to audience arrival.

5. Place three 100-mL beakers in a row on the demonstration table.

6. To the first beaker, add 20 drops of 1% phenolphthalein indicator solution.

7. To the second beaker, add 15 drops of 1 M lead nitrate solution.

8. To the third beaker, add 15 drops of 1 M copper(II) nitrate solution.

9. In a 250-mL beaker, measure out approximately 140 mL of 2 M ammonium hydroxide solution. (Note: Keep this solution covered with a watch glass or Parafilm M® to minimize odors until ready to use.)

Slowly and dramatically, add equal amounts (approximately 47 mL) of the ammonium hydroxide solution to each of the prepared 100-mL beakers. Use the graduations on the beakers to estimate your measurements. The solution in the first beaker should be red, in the second, white, and in the third, blue.

Safety

Avoid body tissue contact with all chemicals. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron.

Pictures

Safety equipment

Materials

Material Set-up

Chemicals before adding Ammonium Hydroxide

End result

Discussion

Ammonium hydroxide solution consists of ammonia (NH3) in water to form a basic solution. (See Equation 1.)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH –(aq) Equation 1

Beaker 1: Beaker 1 contains the acid–base indicator phenolphthalein, represented by the abbreviation In. This indicator is colorless in acidic solutions and red in very basic solutions. The addition of NH4OH increases the concentration of OH– ions and the equilibrium shifts toward the red color. (See Equation 2.)

OH–(aq) + HIn(aq) →← HOH(l) + In–(aq) Equation 2 colorless red

Beaker 2: Beaker 2 contains lead ions (Pb2+) in solution. Pb2+ ions react with excess OH– ions to form a white precipitate of Pb(OH)2. The precipitate remains suspended in solution (See Equation 3.)

Pb2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) Equation 3 white

Beaker 3: Beaker 3 contains copper(II) ions (Cu2+) in solution. Cu2+ ions react with ammonia to form a copper complex, tetraamine copper(II), which is blue in color. There are four (tetra) ammonia groups bonded to the copper(II) ion with a resulting square planar shape. (See Equation 4.)

Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) → [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) Equation 4 blue

Investigation questions

• What evidence is there that there was a genuine Chemical reaction?

-The color change, change in state, and the presence of gas.

• What happens after adding iron (iii) chloride?

-After adding iron (iii) to each of the 3 different solutions a chemical reaction happens in all.

• How does the reaction happen?

- The iron (iii) reacts with all the other solutions by combining together and making a new product with the given reactants.

• • Is there any energy change?

Yes! There is energy change, you can tell because some of the solutions change in temperature and you can presence this by paying attention to the steam release.