Siu-yau LEE - Academic Activities (Teaching & Research)

Siu-yau LEE

Academic Activities (Teaching & Research)

Research Materials

Replication data for Procedure Matters.

Support for Social Inclusion Score (SFSIS): Website; Paper; Questionnaire

Appendix for research on vocational education and training

Lee, S.-Y., Lee, J.C.-K. and Lam, B.Y.-H. (2022), "Does renaming improve public attitudes toward vocational education and training in higher education? Evidence from a survey experiment", Education + Training, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2021-0014

Replication data for How Nation Building Backfires

Lee, S.‐y. and Chou, K.‐l. (2020), How Nation Building Backfires: Beliefs about Group Malleability and Anti‐Chinese Attitudes in Hong Kong. Political Psychology. doi:10.1111/pops.12657

Appendix for my research on Chinese identification in Hong Kong

Lee, S.Y. (2020). Explaining Chinese identification in Hong Kong: The role of beliefs about group malleability. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43(2): 371-389.

Appendix for my research on online satirical campaigns

Lee, S.Y. (2016). Surviving Online Censorship in China: Three Satirical Tactics and their Impact. China Quarterly, 228, 1061-1080.

Coding Manual for my research on the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary

Lee, S.Y. (2014). Defining Correctness: The Tale of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary. Modern China, 40(4), 426-450.

Coding Manual for my research on the privatization of the Link REIT (Chinese)

李肇祐、袁瑋熙（2015）：如何「自力更生」？──由小販政策和領匯私有化說起，輯於陳志傑、王慧麟編，香港本土論述2013-2014，（201-223），台北，漫遊者文化。

Abstracts of Published / Forthcoming Articles (ORCID iD: orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-3360; Google Scholar page)

Lee, Siu-yau (2024). Procedure Matters: The Distinct Attitudinal Feedback Effects of Immigration Policy. Political Behavior. Online first: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-024-09947-5

Natives who dislike immigrants prefer restrictive immigration policies, but do those policies deepen or alleviate anti-immigrant attitudes? Existing theories have offered mixed predictions. Restrictions imposed on immigrants may harden intergroup boundaries and thus deepen hostilities. However, they may also soften attitudes by addressing the economic and identity concerns of natives. Using a conjoint experiment conducted in Hong Kong, I test the multidimensional effects of immigration policies on natives’ attitudes toward highly skilled immigrants. I find that restrictive measures consistently generate more positive attitudes. Strikingly, this effect cannot be fully accounted for by major theoretical explanations, including labor market competition, social identity, and welfare attitudes. Preexisting policy preferences do not condition the effect either. These findings point to the importance of attitudinal policy feedback beyond traditional accounts of immigration attitudes. In-depth qualitative interviews identify two novel causal mechanisms: moralizing and quality assurance effects.

Lee, Siu-yau, Isabella FS Ng, and Hanyu Xiao (2024). A new survey instrument for tracking public opinion on social inclusion. Social Indicators Research.*

Social inclusion indicators inform policy advocacy and intervention. However, a critical piece of information is often missing: public opinion. Efforts to enhance social inclusion could backfire if they provoke opinion backlash or intergroup hostilities. In this paper, we explain the importance and nuances of inclusive attitudes and develop an easy-to-use survey instrument that tracks public opinion regarding different marginalized groups and support measures systematically. Using evidence from a representative telephone survey in Hong Kong (N = 1,010), as well as a parallel online survey (N = 1,000), we demonstrate the multidimensional nature of public attitudes toward social inclusion and our instrument’s excellent psychometric properties and potential for use in various research settings. Although developed in the context of Hong Kong, the survey items can be decomposed and adapted to suit diverse urban societies. By highlighting the importance and complexity of public opinion, we hope to foster a more participatory approach to promoting social inclusion.

Lee, Siu-yau, Samson Yuen, Nick H.K. Or, Edmund W. Cheng, and Ricci P.H. Yue (2022). COVID-19 Vulnerability, Policy Feedback, and Support for Immigration: Evidence from Asia. British Journal of Social Psychology.*

Past studies have shown that disease threat increases people’s hostility toward immigrants. However, in our survey (N=9571) conducted in five advanced Asian economies during the outbreak of COVID-19, we found that COVID-19 vulnerability was positively associated with support for immigration. Drawing on insight from policy feedback theories, we propose that the positive association is caused by the presence of widespread border crossing restrictions, which have changed the meaning and cost implications of COVID-19. As the outbreak expands, the pandemic has become not just a threat to people’s health but also a barrier to globalization. Consequently, people who are worried about the disease may see globalization processes, including migration, as signs of pandemic relief. We find supportive evidence in our analysis. First, the positive association between COVID-19 vulnerability and support for immigration is more salient among respondents who considered restrictions on international travel to be stringent. Second, the positive association between COVID-19 vulnerability and immigration attitude was mediated by perceived economic threat from the pandemic and contribution by immigrants toward the containment of the pandemic. These findings suggest that disease control measures adopted at the global level may alter certain widely accepted effects of disease threat on immigration attitudes.

Lee, Siu-yau, Lee, John CK , and Lam, B.Y.H (2022). Does Renaming Improve Public Attitudes toward Vocational Education and Training in Higher Education? Evidence from Survey Experiment. Education & Training.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to offer direct tests of the effectiveness of renaming vocational education and training (VET) in enhancing the image and popularity of the subject. Although many proponents of renaming argue that the word “vocational” is associated with lower levels of skills and knowledge and should therefore be supplemented by better recognised words, empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of this strategy is scant.

Design/methodology/approach: This study exploits a rare policy change in Hong Kong, where Vocational Education and Training (VET) was renamed as Vocational and Professional Education and Training (VPET), and conducted an original survey experiment of 1,004 parents in the city to test if the new name would improve respondents’ perceptions of the subject.

Findings: The findings reveal a complex picture regarding the effects of renaming. Although renaming does not seem to improve the overall popularity of vocational education, it may widen the support base for vocational education by diluting its class character. Specifically, while attitudes toward VET are significantly and negatively correlated with family income, no such association is found in regard to VPET.

Originality: This paper offers the first direct and comprehensive test of the effectiveness of renaming vocational education—a popular policy suggestion in many countries. Its findings complicate conventional expectations and contribute to the study of educational preferences in advanced economies.

Lee, Siu-yau and Chou, Kee-lee (2020). How Nation Building Backfires: Beliefs about Group Malleability and Anti‐Chinese Attitudes in Hong Kong. Political Psychology. doi:10.1111/pops.12657

An intriguing phenomenon documented within political science research is the association between nation‐building programs and increased subnational intergroup conflicts. Based on data collected in Hong Kong, an epicenter of subnational conflicts in China, this article suggests that nation building may intensify the tension between subnational groups because it helps to spread the belief that groups have fixed inherent characteristics. Specifically, in the face of deep intergroup cultural and political differences, people who see their nation as a historically unified entity are more likely to believe that those differences are unchangeable and, in turn, develop negative attitudes toward other subnational groups. We support these arguments with a representative survey of the population and two laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, respondents who are exposed to narratives that emphasize the homogeneity of the Chinese nation report a higher level of fixed group perceptions than those who receive the opposite message. In the second experiment, respondents who are primed to believe that group characteristics are fixed report significantly more negative attitudes toward migrants from other parts of China. Our findings contribute conceptually to the study of nation building and shed new light on the formation of immigration attitudes.

Lee, Siu-yau (2020). Explaining Chinese identification in Hong Kong: The role of beliefs about group malleability. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43(2): 371-389.

Hong Kong is an epicentre of identity conflicts in China. While numerous accounts have been proposed to explain the rise of “localism”, few have explained why many Hong Kong Chinese have maintained their ethnic identification with China. Based on an original survey of a representative sample of the population and an experiment conducted among college students, this article advances a novel explanation, arguing that people who perceive the core character of groups as shaped by context (i.e. it is malleable) are more likely to have a higher level of Chinese identification. The explanation is that in the face of deep cultural and political differences between mainland and Hong Kong Chinese, the belief induces the latter to understand those differences as stemming from people’s current situations rather than from some unchangeable national traits, thus reducing their need to adopt an alternative identity. The findings have important implications on (ethno) nation-building policies.

Lee, Siu-yau and Kee-lee Chou (2019). Assessing the relative contribution of social exclusion, income-poverty, and financial strain on depressive symptoms among older people in Hong Kong. Aging and Mental Health 23(11): 1487-1495.*

Objectives: The role of social exclusion in depressive symptoms in older people has not been examined systematically. This study examines the associations of social exclusion, income poverty, and financial strain with depressive symptoms and evaluates the moderating effect of social support in the link between social exclusion and depressive symptoms.

Method: Our sample consisted of 850 older people (65 years old or above) in Hong Kong randomly selected through a household survey. We used a logistic regression to evaluate the associations of social exclusion, income poverty, and financial strain with depressive symptoms, controlling for social support and social network variables, health indicators, and socio-demographic variables.

Results: We found that social exclusion, income poverty, and financial strain are positively associated with depressive symptoms, but only social exclusion (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.51–2.99, p < 0.001) and financial strain (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16–2.03, p < 0.01) maintain their significance after all other covariates are adjusted. Moreover, perceived social support negatively moderates the relationship between social exclusion and depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: Social exclusion is significantly associated with depressive symptoms in older people, but this association can be moderated by social support.

Lee, Siu-yau, Kee Lee Chou, Wai Sum Chan, and Hans van Kippersluis (2019). Consumer preferences and demand for annuities: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Aging and Social Policy 31(2):170-188.*

Retirees without annuities in Hong Kong confront longevity and investment risks. Despite these risks, there is very limited uptake of annuities. This study identifies product and consumer characteristics that are associated with the demand for annuities in Hong Kong. We conduct a discrete choice experiment and distribute a consumer survey among two independent representative samples of workers aged between 40 and 64. Results suggest that a fixed monthly income and a 10-year guarantee period are two significant product characteristics, while a bequest motive, being married, and an understanding of the annuity are consumer characteristics that are associated with the demand for annuities. Being presented the optimal hypothetical annuity product, approximately one-third of middle-aged workers choose to annuitize their retirement savings. The findings and methods of this study can be applied for designing annuity products in other contexts.

Chou, Kee-lee and Siu-yau Lee. "Superimpose Material Deprivation Study on Poverty Old Age People in Hong Kong Study." Social Indicators Research (Forthcoming)

Due to a range of shortcomings of income-based measures of poverty in older people, an alternative approach is proposed to counteract those shortcomings. Hong Kong index of material deprivation aims to identify a consensus-based list of goods and services that are necessities in society and to establish that these goods and services are not available due to their lack of affordability. This paper reports on the validation of Hong Kong index of material deprivation based on an approach proposed by Townsend (Poverty in the United Kingdom, Penguin Books, London, 1979) in Hong Kong. Through a survey of 2339 older Chinese people aged 65 and older, we found that a broad consensus regarding the necessities in their daily lives exists and Hong Kong index of material deprivation is a reliable and valid measure of poverty because its reliability and validity is good and acceptable. Finally, we have shown that the overlap between the poor in terms of income and the deprived is moderate and the profiles of those who are core poor (both poor in terms of income and the deprived) are more similar to those who are deprived than those who are poor in terms of income. Hong Kong index of material deprivation index has been developed, which offers a supplementary measure of poverty other than income poor and provides future avenues for improved understandings of poverty in old age.

Vyas, Lina, Siu-yau Lee and Kee-Lee Chou . “Utilization of family friendly policies in Hong Kong.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management. (Forthcoming)

Employees in Hong Kong, like those in many other industrialized societies, face the competing demands of work and family. Long working hours and the associated problem of work–family conflict is a serious problem for the workforce. Although a number of family-friendly policies, such as the five-day working week, paternal leave and so on, have been introduced, they are not necessarily used to their fullest extent. This paper examines the utilization of family-friendly incentives using a telephone survey of 661 employees in Hong Kong with access to such measures. Its major strength is the use of a well-established model of health care utilization, the Andersen model, to conceptualize the factors associated with the uptake of family-friendly policies. The results indicate that the Andersen model works very well in this context, and further demonstrate that access to family-friendly policies in Hong Kong is not equitable. The study makes a number of significant contributions to the literature on work–life balance and the uptake of supportive measures, and shows that enabling (such as perceived effectiveness) rather than need factors explain most of the variance in such use.

Lee, Siu-yau, Lina Vyas and Kee-Lee Chou . “Welcoming Immigrants with Similar Occupational Interests: Experimental Survey Evidence from Hong Kong.” Political Studies, 65(2) (2017), 391-412.

Recent studies in America and Europe suggest that individual economic self-interest plays little role in explaining individual attitudes towards immigrants. A key piece of evidence for this proposition is that natives do not show particular hostility toward immigrants whose skill levels are similar to their own. We conducted an experimental survey of Hong Kong residents to examine their attitudes toward immigrants from Mainland China. We found that positive attitudes towards low-skilled immigrants were more prevalent among local labourers – whose job security would presumably be under greater threat from them – than among executives and professionals. Similarly, the premium attached to highly skilled immigrants increases significantly with locals’ occupational prestige, suggesting that immigrants are more likely to find support among natives who share similar occupational interests. Our results remain robust even after controlling for a range of potential explanatory variables. We conclude with a critical discussion of the use of skill levels to estimate the occupational interests of natives, and assess the value of relying on the conventional labour market competition model to generate hypotheses about the role of economic self-interest in shaping immigration preferences.

Siu-yau Lee, “Surviving Online Censorship in China: Three Satirical Tactics and their Impact.” The China Quarterly, 228 (2016), pp. 1061-1080.

What accounts for online satirical campaigns that survive censorship in China where the state has formidable power to censor and manipulate online communication? Through comparative case studies of three attempts to challenge the policies or malpractices of the Chinese state in 2009, this article explains how different satirical tactics can influence the outcomes of online activism. It argues that online satirical campaigns are most likely to survive when activists adopt the tactic of “parodic satire,” whereby activists mimic a specific practice of the state and skilfully transplant it to other contexts. Since the language used by the activists resembles that of the powerful, the tactic allows netizens to exaggerate the internal contradictions of the policies or practices concerned without creating an easily identifiable symbol of resistance in the process. This tactic not only increases the cost to the state of censoring critical messages, but also restrains activists from extending their criticisms of the original subject to other areas. As a result it increases the chance for the activists to exert insistent pressure on the state.

Siu-yau Lee and Kee-Lee Chou. “Trends in Elderly Poverty in Hong Kong: A Decomposition Analysis.” Social Indicators Research. Vol. 129, No.2 (2016), pp.551-564.

Despite significant improvements in education and a decline in the percentage of immigrants in elderly population, the poverty risk in old age and the actual number of impoverished elders in Hong Kong have both increased significantly over the past two decades. This study assesses the changing rates of elderly poverty in Hong Kong over the last twenty years and, by means of decomposition analysis, identifies the factors shaping their evolution. The analysis is based on the 5% microdata samples from the 1991, 2001, and 2011 censuses covering Hong Kong residents aged 65 and above. The results show that the rate of poverty among older adults increased from 27.7% in 1991 to 38.7% in 2001, and then to 41.4% in 2011. The increase was largely caused by a significant decline in the number of earners in the households with older adults, which offset the poverty-reducing effects of education and the percentage decrease of immigrants.

Siu-yau Lee, "Profit seeking and intergroup conflict in Hong Kong: a case study of the private health care sector," Asian Survey, Vol. 56, No.2 (2016).

Following the Hong Kong Final Court of Appeal’s ruling that babies born to mainlanders in Hong Kong are permanent residents with the right of abode, the city’s private hospitals cashed in on this circumstance by expanding their obstetrics departments and charging higher fees, which contributed to an outburst of anti-mainland Chinese sentiment in 2012. This case study challenges two conventional accounts of intergroup conflicts, which either point at economic contradictions between in-group and out-group as causes; or fault the state for diverting responsibility for local problems to out-group through conflict making.

Siu-yau Lee, Isabella F.S. Ng and Kee-Lee Chou. “Exclusionary Attitudes towards Allocation of Welfare Benefits to New Immigrants in Hong Kong”. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2016), pp.41-61.

Studies on migration often assume that members of the same ethnic category are less likely to develop exclusionary attitudes towards each other. In order to explain why many Hong Kong people exhibit exclusionary attitudes towards granting social rights to Chinese immigrants who share the same ethnic ancestry with them, we conducted a phone survey to examine four important factors: (1) economic threat; (2) social threat; (3) negative stereotypes; and (4) contact with immigrants. We find that the economic threat—either at the societal or individual level—perceived by respondents does not explain their exclusionary attitudes. The results are consistent with alternative explanations emphasizing cultural and non-economic concerns commonly associated with ethnocentrism.

Siu-yau Lee, "Massification without Equalization: The Politics of Higher Education, Graduate Employment, and Social Mobility in Hong Kong." Journal of Education and Work. Vol. 29, No. 1 (2016), pp. 13-31.

This article explains why the massification of higher education in Hong Kong has, contrary to the predictions of received wisdom, failed to enhance the upward social mobility of the youth in the city. Building upon recent literature in political science, it argues that massification can take different forms, which in turn determine the effects of massification on various social groups. Through exploring three critical phases in the city’s higher education reform, this article demonstrates how higher education policies have been heavily shaped by the interests of the city’s elites, who, on the one hand, see the expansion of higher education as a solution to such social and economic problems as unemployment and regional integration but, on the other, remain reluctant to increase public spending on the education sector. As a result, higher education has expanded almost exclusively in the private sector. Due to poor planning and implementation, graduates from self-financed programs are severely disadvantaged in terms of employability, resulting in wage compression and unemployment. The findings of this study shed light on the regressive nature of higher education.

Isabella F. S. Ng, Siu-yau Lee, Winky K. F. Wong, and Kee-Lee Chou, “Effects of perceived discrimination on the quality of life among new Mainland Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong: A longitudinal study,” Social Indicators Research, 120 (2015), pp. 817-834.

This study examines the effects of perceived discrimination on quality of life (QOL). We used a random sample of 380 Chinese immigrants from a 1-year longitudinal secondary dataset and conducted bivariate and multivariate multiple regressions to examine the associations of QOL with perceived discrimination, sense of control, optimism, perceived social support, pre-migration planning, collective efficacy and perceived neighborhood disorder. Our results showed that perceived discrimination was significantly associated with QOL, even after a year spent in Hong Kong. Collective efficacy, perceived social support and preparation for immigration are also important factors contributing the QOL among new immigrants in Hong Kong. The findings suggest that interventions to reduce discrimination should be designed and implemented in order to improve the QOL among new immigrants in Hong Kong.

Siu-yau Lee, “Defining correctness: the tale of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary,” Modern China, Vol. 40, No. 4, (2014), pp. 426 - 450.

Chinese dictionaries have long been an important tool for promoting the political agenda of the state. Not much has changed in the 21st century. A conventional assumption is that dictionary compilation has been controlled by the state. An examination of the history of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary suggests that such a claim is exaggerated. While the state was indeed actively involved in the compilation of the dictionary before the 1980s, the presumed propagandist content of the dictionary in the 21st century has been more a result of the profit-seeking behavior of its publisher, the Commercial Press, than direct state control. In order to defend the market share of its product, the Commercial Press needs to struggle with rival publishers to present to the public a close affinity with the state, which has the authority to define linguistic correctness. Consequently, the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary has been revised in accordance with the changing political agenda of the state and thus continues to support its nation-building project. This finding revises the conventional wisdom on several scores, particularly by deepening the analysis of language politics and reaffirming its importance in contemporary China.

Siu-yau Lee and Yim-fong Yu, “Homeownership and political legitimacy: a case study of Hong Kong and Singapore,” Politics Vol. 32, No. 1, (2012), pp.52-64.

Widespread homeownership has traditionally been considered a favourable factor for the stability of democracies in Europe and America. Analysis of variance in perceived legitimacy between Singapore and Hong Kong suggests that the stabilising effect of widespread homeownership does not only apply to democracies, but also to authoritarian regimes. This article proposes that a regime, be it democratic or not, tends to enjoy a higher level of legitimacy when homeownership is more popular, ceteris paribus. Our finding sheds light on the conventional wisdom on several scores, particularly by extending the analysis of the political impacts of homeownership to Asian countries, and reaffirming its importance in maintaining political stability.

Siu-yau Lee, “Capability as freedom? The foundations of Amartya Sen’s capability approach,” Civilitas Vol. 1 (2008), pp. 4-33.

Amartya Sen proposes that development should be evaluated in terms of capabilities—actual freedom for people to achieve valuable beings and doings—but not utility or resources. However, due to Sen’s reluctance to provide a complete theory of justice or even a list of basic capabilities, the apparently simple capability approach turns out to be abstruse when people try to give it a deeper examination. To explore what is really meant by “capability,” this article closely examines the various concepts used in or related to the capability approach. It argues that Sen’s notion of “capability as freedom” is ambiguous because it collapses the distinction between capability and functionings, which, as a consequence, would lead to problematic implications on justice. This potential problem has been made important with the growing concern on developmental issues.

Book Chapters

Lee, Siu-yau (2017). “The Pandora’s Box of Neoliberalism: Housing Reforms in China and South Korea,” in Toby Carroll and Darryl S.L. Jarvis (eds.), Asia after the Developmental State: Disembedding Autonomy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 261-277.

Despite introducing numerous cooling measures in the 2000s, the Chinese and South Korean governments have largely failed to thwart rising property prices due to severe local resistance. Notwithstanding the surface-level differences in the political configurations of the two countries, their subnational governmental actors have invariably played a crucial role in supporting various private actors in their jurisdiction to confront the cooling measures imposed from the top, thereby keeping property prices high. Adopting a comparative institutionalist approach, this chapter presents one of the reasons for the failure of the two governments to regulate their housing market, arguing that earlier market reforms in the two countries have invariably created structures and institutions that future political leaders struggle to cut back. Consequently, this chapter will shed light on the role of “the state” in the process of marketization, as well as the mechanisms that contribute to the spread and resilience of neoliberalism in Asia.

Siu-yau Lee, “The Perception of Higher Education as a Public Good: The Case of Hong Kong,” in Christopher Collins and Deane Neubauer (eds.), Redefining Asian Pacific Higher Education inDynamic Global Contexts (New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2015), pp. 8-23.

Higher education has long been seen as a “public good” that is crucial for the development of a nation-state and the generation of wealth. However, recent years have witnessed growing public concerns in many developed economies over the quality and marketization of higher education. Through an original telephone survey of a representative sample of Hong Kong’s population, this chapter discusses the public perception towards higher education in one of Asia’s global cities. The results suggest that the majority of the population considers higher education as a private good in which the students should be largely responsible for the cost of their education. Further analyses suggest that this perception is more popular among those who have received less education and have a lower income. The results are significant not only because they provide data on public perception towards higher education amid rapid processes of massification and marketization, but also because they challenge the idea that higher education is a public good and thus should be provided by the state.

Research Report

Lee, Siu-yau, John Chi-kin Lee, Hayes Tang, Chin Wa Li, Ying Ling Man, Ka Lun Ma, and Derek Chung-wai Chun (2017). Vocational Training and Youth Development (職業教育與青少年發展), Research report submitted to Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre.

The aims of the research were to discuss the role and problem(s) of vocational education and training in the current education system in Hong Kong. We hoped to analyze the success factors of vocational education in different regions through a literature review in order to figure out the best way to develop vocational education in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, we aimed to (a) investigate a set of rules that is applicable for evaluating the current vocational education system and establishing benchmarks through a qualifications framework and (b) discuss ways of developing vocational education in Hong Kong.

Teaching Materials

GPAD2455_Political Reforms in China (Handouts)

PPE 277_The Government and Politics of China (Tutorial syllabus)

SSC 6154 In-Class Polling (Class activity

Op-eds

05.06.2020 愛國工程在香港的效果明報

16.05.2019 在香港，認同「中華民族」的人，心裏是怎樣的「中華」？端傳媒

13.07.2017 政府應鼓勵八大提供自資課程明報

10.07.2015 職業教育不是「次等選擇」信報

29.03.2014 香港社會對不同類型新移民的取態明報

Media Appearance

13.09.2023 香港電台: 千禧年代有學者制訂社會融合指數調查指長者政策獲最多市民支持