Medieval DF27

By Dreux Jean, Master of Margaret of York, Jean Hennecart (illuminators) - Aegidius of Roya, Compendium historiae universalis, Public Domain, link

LATE IRON AGE-ROMAN-EARLY MEDIEVAL

The regions circling the North Sea basin (modern Britain, Orkney, Shetland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France) were connected by a maritime highway with people moving around the coastal waters in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions.  Strategic landing sites and trading hubs were dotted all along the sea routes.  As a result their ancient histories are intertwined to some extent.

The Iron Age ancestors of the Parisi may have originally left the same kind of low lying southern and eastern North Sea areas of continental Europe that the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Franks and Jutes would vacate to sail to England after the 400s AD at the end of Roman rule in Britain.  Belgic tribes included the Belgae, Cantii, Catuvellauni, Iceni, Parisi and Trinovantes and some of those made their home in Yorkshire after migrating from Hallstatt/La Tène-influenced cultures in mainland Europe.  Roman cavalry troopers from the Belgic tribe, the Nervii, were later stationed in Britain, some possibly at Whitby (Dictium) in northeast Yorkshire during the Roman occupation in the fourth and fifth centuries AD:

Their territory corresponds to the central part of modern Belgium, including Brussels, and stretched southwards into French Hainault.  Today, Hainaut is divided between France and Belgium. To its north, parts of the modern Belgian provinces of Antwerp, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant and French-speaking Walloon Brabant include the rest of the old Nervian territory.  Link

Julius Caesar writing in the mid-first century BC commented that the Nervii were the most warlike and brave of the Belgic tribes and that the Nervian culture was a Spartan one, 'they would not partake of alcoholic beverages or any other such luxury, feeling that the mind must remain clear to be brave.'  He also says that they disliked foreign trade, had no merchant class and would not permit merchants within their territory.  The Nervii were attacked by the Franks from the north in 260-275 AD and by 432 the Franks had taken over their country and the Merovingian king Childeric I, administrative chief of the Roman Gaulish province, had been buried in Tournai.

In the Iron Age, Proto-Germanic language had early contact with Celtic language in northwest Europe, close enough for the adoption of many Celtic loanwords into Germanic.  Present-day Belgium/Flanders/Pas-de-Calais would become the core of the Frankish kingdom after the defeat and resettlement of the Salian Franks (Caesar's Germani) from around the Rhine Delta by the Romans in the late third century AD.  The Franks became foederati of the Roman Empire in the fourth century AD, meaning that they obtained benefits in exchange for the defence of Rome's borders on the Rhine.  Overwhelming pressure from raiding Vandals and Alans, and then the Angles and Saxons, would again drive the Roman-influenced Frankish tribes south west into southern Holland, Belgium and northern France in the Migration Period.

EARLY MIDDLE AGES

The paper Power and Identity in the Southern North Sea Area, The Migration and Merovingian Periods, Johan Nicolay, 2017 states: 

The southern North Sea area of the 5th to 7th centuries can be seen as an important ‘cultural bridge’ linking two power blocks: the late Roman Empire and its Frankish successor kingdom to the south, and the Scandinavian kingdoms to the north.

The shape and decoration of the gold and silver ornaments presented above nicely demonstrate the wide and varied cultural focus of the Migration and Merovingian Period North Sea elite: towards the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, towards the Scandinavian and Frankish kingdoms in the 6th century, and towards the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century.  Link

The Frankish confederation gave rise to the Merovingian and Carolingian empires that exerted great influence around the North Sea as well as in Gaul.  As mentioned, Tournai in present day Belgium became the first Frankish capital after 432 AD under the rule of Childeric I son of Merovingian founder Merovech and father of Clovis I.  The once Flemish speaking Pas-de-Calais in northern France that included the important Frankish maritime emporium of Quentovic (c.4th century – c. 10th century) and the County of Boulogne (896–1501), has a higher frequency of DF27 than other regions around the English Channel and North Sea.  Pas-de-Calais and Picardy appear to have more DF27 than the other big four subclades of R1b-P310 in FTDNA-derived data.  DF27 has a presence in, and relationship with, the core La Tène/Belgae regions.  The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool, Gretzinger et al., 2022, (link) focuses on movement of people in the Anglo-Saxon Migration Period and suggests a substantial presence of Frankish DNA alongside that of the migrating Anglo-Saxons in some areas, particularly southern England.

As mentioned on the Bronze Age DF27 page, the Hilversum culture (southern Netherlands, northern Belgium and northern France) had connections with, and was related to, the Wessex culture in England.  There is some evidence to suggest that the Jutes may have left the northern Frankish regions (around Flanders) when they invaded Kent in the Migration Period.  In the Early Middle Ages connections between the two regions, separated by the English Channel and the southern North Sea, appear again.  Twelve year old daughter of Charles the Bald, the Frankish princess Judith of Flanders (c. 843 – c. 870), was Queen of the West Saxons for a time.  Frankish royal daughters were usually destined for a convent and were rarely married off, especially to foreigners.  The West Saxon custom was not to even have a queen at all.  It is thought that the ageing King of Wessex Æthelwulf sought an ally to counter the Viking threat in England at the time.  After the deaths of her English husbands Judith returned to Europe and became the wife of Baldwin Count of Flanders.  The connections with Wessex continued when Judith and Baldwin's son Baldwin II was married to Ælfthryth daughter of Alfred the Great King of the Anglo-Saxons.  Their descendants would later become entwined with Flemish participation in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

MIGRATION PERIOD

Author of the 2022 paper The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool, Joshcha Gretzinger, stated that 76% of the ancestry they studied in Anglo-Saxon burials originated on the continent.  Prof. Duncan Sayer of the University of Central Lancashire, working on the study with the Max Planck Institute, talked about the subject on this podcast (June 2022).  Frankish (post-Roman Belgian/French Iron Age) ancestry was detected in some Migration Period burials in England as well as the admixture arriving from the north.  From the podcast:

OK, so, the French ancestry - I think it's quite important.  Really, we're talking about western central Europe, I guess, but more specifically France and Belgium is where we can make that connection most appropriately.  And the haplotypes that are associated with that are much more close to French and Belgian Iron Age material, but that wasn't present in Britain in the Iron Age.  It becomes apparent in Britain in this Early Medieval period in these cemeteries.  So it implies that we've got a new migration of people at that point.  So this is part of that general melee of people moving around northern Europe, in and out of Britain, and across and around throughout Britain at the same time.   And it's apparent in all of our cemeteries, but it's most apparent in the ones in Kent and the east coast.

Above, origins of the French Iron Age aDNA component (Occitania = the exaggerated yellow blob plus several others from Germany/central Europe) in Frankish Migration Period burials in England

Several ancient subclades of DF27 have a distinctive 'North-South' distribution, i.e. they branch early in their history with descendants from Iberia and South America appearing on one prehistoric branch and descendants from Britain, northern Europe and North America descending from another.  Atlantic maritime trade movement in the Bronze Age and further movement being highlighted in Iron Age and Early Medieval aDNA might explain some of this geographical bifurcation.  Results indicate that the CWE Franks are more 'western' (French_IA admixture) and the migrating Angles and Saxons more 'northern' (CNE or Continental Northern European).  This chart from The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool illustrates a change in population affinities at the end of the Roman Period and the start of the Early Middle Ages: Extended Data Fig. 2: Individual-based ancestry decomposition and population affinities through time, link.

Tweet from the author, September 2022

Rox2 currently appears to have experienced a large 'out of the blue' founding event in Britain/northern Europe in the Early Medieval Period some time between the sub-Roman/Migration Period (c. 300-550 AD) and the Vendel Period (c. 550-750 AD).  The subclade's founder produced at least eight 'sons', i.e. eight parallel lineages that produced founding events of their own in a short space of time, c. 700 AD plus or minus a century or two.  The margin of error allows for the subclade to potentially have expanded at an earlier time - thus becoming numerous enough to appear more widely in the Early Medieval population.  If the mid-range date of 700 AD is nearer the mark then Rox2 is statistically unlikely to appear in ancient DNA studies focusing on Iron Age or sub-Roman populations.  Some ZZ19 haplogroups have been found, however.

As seen in previous studies there is little difference in the autosomal profiles of the Early Medieval people in the northwest of Europe around the North Sea - they share origins dating back to the Bell Beaker period.  The paper looks to have detected subtle shades (CNE, CWE and WBI) that differentiate between regions.  R1b-M343 lineages are the most common yDNA haplogroups found by the study at 57%.  About one dozen of the R1b haplotypes could not be defined any further due to low coverage in the degraded yDNA.  The yDNA mix appears to be diverse but with an increase in numbers of previously scarce R1b-U106 and I-M170 haplogroups arriving with the Early Medieval CNE group.  By contrast earlier Bronze Age and Iron Age studies highlighted a mix of predominantly R1b-P312 haplogroups.  The paper's Supplementary Information states:

The early medieval continental northern European individuals also carried R1b-P312 lineages (which we defined here as local due to their continuous presence since pre-EMA times), so the proportion of immigrant haplogroups represents the minimum paternal continental northern European contribution.  Link

The terms Anglo-Saxon, Celt and Viking are historical names for Early Medieval inhabitants of Britain.  Anglo-Saxon was coined by King Alfred the Great (848/849– 899).  The migrations from continental Europe across the North Sea involved both men and women travelling together.  The CNE autosomal admixture detected in the Anglo-Saxons was mainly from northern continental Europe (including Denmark) with only a small amount of 'Nordic IA' ancestry (Sweden and Norway).  Ancestry from further north is said to have increased in the later time period covered by the Viking Age study.  However, two of the DF27 haplotypes identified from the study (BUK018 and son BUK022) plot in Scandinavia on the study's PCA charts and potentially had Scandinavian Iron Age ancestry, see below.  There is patchy differentiation between P312 haplogroups in the paper and few of the DF27 burials listed below are identified as such, they are listed as P312.  This is due to the previously mentioned ongoing difficulties in identifying DF27 subclades in old yDNA, particularly some DF27>ZZ12 branches.  R1b-U106 and I1-M253 burials in early English graves general show higher levels of CNE ancestry (CNE = Continental Northern Europeans; northern Germans and Danish) than the R1b-P312 haplogroups but some P312 lineages (DF27 ) show high levels of CNE ancestry as well - indicating that there was an established in situ mix of P312, U106 and I1 in the northern continental North Sea locations that the Angles, Saxons and Jutes etc. vacated.

The earlier P312 Iron Age England burials from Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age, Nick Patterson et al., 2021 also present CNE and CWE (Continental Western Europe) admixture in varying but significant amounts, link.  Fig. 5 from The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool shows that the distribution of 'England EMA CNE' ancestry in England in the Migration Period overlaps with the distribution of 'France IA' CWE.  The paper suggests that CWE (Franks) began appearing in England with CNE Anglo-Saxons during the Migration Period.  That increased in the later medieval period following the Norman Conquest.  CNE and CWE was present in broadly equal amounts in people from the region of the Rhine Delta and the Low Countries/Flanders, areas of the southern North Sea associated with the Salian Franks.  England seems to have experienced movements of people from nearby continental Europe in the late Bronze Age and Iron Age too.  Those areas furthest from the continental North Sea coasts like Wales, Scotland and Ireland did not.

DF27 ANGLO-SAXON BURIALS

The paper focuses on relationships between some of the individuals buried in the Anglo-Saxon graveyards.  For this paper I was able to check hg19 positions in some of the .bam files using the IGV app.  Further in-depth analysis (hg38 positions) by others might confirm calls and give further definition.  Two of the families mentioned at Sedgeford, Norfolk and Buckland near Dover include males belonging to yDNA haplogroup R1b-DF27 with accompanying high CNE/'northern' ancestry.  A family group from the Sedgeford Anglo-Saxon burial ground a few miles south of the North Sea coast in West Norfolk, mentioned in the Supplementary Information, include haplogroups R1a-M420 (SED006) and R1b-P312 (SED018, SED020, and SED021):

Interestingly, although R1b-P312 is often associated with the Bronze Age populations of the British-Irish Isles, all four individuals exhibit exclusively CNE ancestry.

SED020 and SED021 are brothers, and SED018 is the son of SED020.  Supplementary Information: 

SED006 [R1a-M420] neither shares a mtDNA or Y-chromosome haplogroup with the other three samples, but he may be located ancestral to SED020 and SED021 within the pedigree since he is a third–degree relative of both.

Further analysis of the files suggests that SED018, SED020 and SED021 are ZZ11>DF27>Z195>R-A14311.  They have 100% CNE ancestry.  FTDNA later analysed and added the burials to the Discover tool; SED018 and SED020 are named there as Sedgeford 18 and Sedgeford 20 (R-BY31939) and SED021 as Sedgeford 21 (R-Z209).

BUK018 (burial 284, R1b-P312>DF27>ZZ12>Z229>Y16019>Y31393/Y31716), his brother BUK023 (burial 292) and son BUK022 (burial 291, listed as R1b-P312 by the paper) from Buckland Anglo-Saxon cemetery in Dover also have high CNE autosomal ancestry - the study's PCA chart (Fig. 4 c, see link below) plots BUK018 and BUK022's origins in the vicinity of Norway and Sweden respectively.  Analysis of the .bam file shows BUK018 is (4A) Derived for Z229 and (5G) Derived for its equivalent Z225.  There is no call for Y16019 but its child branch Y31716 (Y31716 is one of two phylogenetic equivalents of Y31393) is (5C) Derived.  The two equivalent SNPs Y31393 and Y31717 are no-calls.  In Table S5.5. Ancestry estimates for England_EMA individuals from supervised ADMIXTURE at K = 3:  BUK018 has 90.2% CNE ancestry and BUK022 has 64.67%.  Uncle BUK023 plots further south of his brother and nephew on the PCA map in what looks like northern continental Europe and has CWE (Frankish/French) admixture.  BUK023's nephew BUK022 married a local woman with WBI (Western British Isles) ancestry and their offspring (two daughters) share their combined CNE and WBI admixture.  The burials are dated 400-800 CE.  For their family tree see Extended Data Fig. 4: Family tree reconstruction featuring integration of local ancestry into an immigrant kin group, below (link):

a) The genetic pedigree of 13 related individuals at Dover Buckland. Indicated are the mtDNA haplogroups, Y-chromosome haplogroups, and associated grave goods of each individual. Males are depicted as squares, females as circles. b) Spatial distribution of the addressed burials across the site. Genetically related burials are connected with lines. c) Genetic distribution of the addressed individuals across a Principal Components Analysis of present-day genomes from northwestern Europe. Genetically related individuals are connected with lines.

Manual analysis of the .bam files ahead of publication showed BUK049, also from Buckland cemetery, to be ZZ11>DF27>ZZ19>Z2572/CTS11567.   BUK049 dated 400-800 CE is (6A) Derived for P312, (1G) Derived for ZZ11 and downstream of that (2G) Derived for ZZ20_1 (an equivalent of ZZ19) and (2G) Derived for Z2572/CTS11567.  The paper's Supplementary Data spreadsheet confirms BUK049 is CTS11567 and FTDNA Discover lists the burial as Buckland 49.  The old and degraded yDNA does not appear to contain much surviving information in the regions of the y chromosome that DF27 SNPs are found in but the trail from ZZ11 to CTS11567 is evident in the file.  Labelled as burial 382 in the paper BUK049 was a boy of 12 - 14 years of age and has red CNE DNA attribution indicating that he came from the north of continental Europe like BUK018, BUK022 and BUK023 buried in the same cemetery.  See Supplementary Figure 1.2, Site plan of Dover Buckland in Supplementary Information at the foot of the article, link.

LAK003 (burial Sk 255, ERL046 G031, dated 412-537 calCE) is from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Lakenheath, Suffolk, in southeastern England.  The ancient burial ground was divided up into three parts, East, West and Central.  LAK003's burial dates to the earliest period of use of the Central area and manual analysis of the lo-res file with the IGV app indicates ZZ11 (1G) Derived and (22C) Ancestral and further mixed reads at DF27>ZZ19* (ZZ20_1 (4G) Derived and (18A) Ancestral).  He appears to have 63.13% CNE and 33.4% WBI admixture.  LAK003 is only identified as far as P312 in the paper's Supplementary Data spreadsheet:

The West burial ground includes one especially early adult female grave (G363) from which the isotopic evidence suggests the woman buried had lived her early life on the other side of the North Sea in the area of Denmark, possibly Jutland. An outstanding grave is G323, the burial of a young adult male with a full weapon set and a very richly harnessed sacrificed horse.

LAK016 (G323), the 'outstanding grave' at Lakenheath, failed to produce useful yDNA results.  

GRO024 (burial VO79) dated to 985-1155 calCE from Groningen in the Netherlands looks to be DF27>Z195>Z207/S251 (1G) Derived.  From the Supplementary Information:

Early medieval Groningen was a rural settlement that was transformed into a Carolingian royal domain with a church in the 9th century, due to its strategic position at the border of the Frisian coastal districts. There is archaeological evidence for a marketplace since the 11th or 12th century, but possibly even earlier.

YFull does not have SNPs identified by Alex Williamson that are needed to identify sections of DF27>ZZ12, i.e. ZZ19/ZZ20_1, so a comparison search of YFull SNPs (used for initial runs) would not detect it.  CTS11567 is included at YFull and ISOGG and has a better chance of showing up in studies if it's there.  Some ancient yDNA can produce contradictory calls due to its degraded nature after centuries lying in the ground, as in a few of the following cases.

I14535 dated 500 - 700 CE from Rookery Hill, Bishopstone, Sussex, is (3G) Derived for CTS11567 but looks to be ZZ11 (2C) Ancestral (negative) and has no reads for ZZ19 or ZZ20_1 or anything downstream as far as P312 in the low coverage file.  ZZ11 appears to be 'jumpy' in old yDNA.  FTDNA has, however, later included the sample on their Discover tool under Ancient Connections as 'Bishopstone 14535'.  The 'pagan' burial ground is part of a fifth - sixth century CE settlement on a slope of the South Downs.  I14535 (burial Gr66) has higher levels of CWE (Frank/French) along with some CNE admixture:  29.17% CNE, 62.3% CWE, 8.54%  WBI.

SWG006 dated 1070 - 1140 CE from Schleswig Rathausmarkt, Schleswig Holstein, Germany is DF27>Z195>S1217 in the paper's Supplementary Data spreadsheet.  Burial 171 was found in a well-preserved waterlogged burial ground in the old Viking trading hub of Haithabu (active from the eighth century - c. 1066).  Again ZZ11 is (5C) Ancestral with no reads downstream for Z195 or Z272.  He is however (4G) Derived/positive for Z295/S1217.  After manual analysis with the IGV app he appears to also be positive for S1217>S5783>S1220/CTS3702 (1A) Derived and (1A) Derived for S1220's child branch BY3191/CTS4065.  SWG006 is also (2C) Derived for a L21>DF13 SNP, A1333, but is (3C) Ancestral (negative) for L21 and Ancestral for S1136 and BY2876 downstream, located between L21 and A1333.  This burial had CNE (57%) and CWE (43%) admixture.

At The Bishop's Seat in Kilteasheen, Roscommon, Ireland three DF27 burials are dated between 600 - 1300 CE.  They are KIL004 (P312 in the paper's Supplementary Data spreadsheet), KIL027 (S1307) and KIL047 (P312).  The ancient samples from ZZ19+ KIL004 (burial BL135) and KIL047 (burial BL134) again have contradictory calls in their chain of SNPs.  KIL004 has mixed reads, being (24C) Ancestral and (15T) Derived for U106 and (7A) Ancestral and (3G) Derived mixed calls for ZZ20_1.  KIL047 is (34C) Ancestral for U106 and (5A) Ancestral for ZZ20_1.  However, both are positive for a phylogenetic equivalent of BY21043 (22432653 C-G)  downstream of ZZ19>Z31644>Z42772 and KIL004 is (2G) Derived for another equivalent, FT182413.  This gives more confidence in the ZZ19 identification and FTDNA later listed 'Kilteasheen 4' and 'Kilteasheen 47' (R-BY21033) in their Discover tool after their own analysis.  KIL027 burial BL62 is DF27>Z195>Z274>BY907 (4C) Derived with no obvious contradictory calls.  FTDNA Discover lists KIL027 as 'Kilteasheen 27' (R-FT153450).  The site of the cemetery is near the remains of a small fortified structure known as the Bishop's Palace (Bishop Elphin).

An interesting non-DF27 burial group was possibly Frankish in origin but was buried in Hiddestorf northwestern Germany.  The burials are HID001.A/HID001.B, HID002.A/HID002.B, HID003 and HID004.  Their autosomal profiles have 'northern' CNE admixture.  Burial HID003 looks to be (2T) Derived for U106 in the low resolution .bam file.  HID001.A and HID002.A are R1b-DF19.  HID001.B and HID002.B are different samples from the same burials (A=petrous sample, B=tooth sample) and the .bam files also indicate DF19 .  HID001 and HID002 are only called as far as P312 on the paper's Supplementary  Data spreadsheet.  Coincidentally, two different Viking Age burials with distinctive carved teeth were found to be DF27>ZZ19 (VK261) and DF19 (VK333) in Population genomics of the Viking world, Ashot Margaryan et al., 2019, below.  

The Hiddestorf individuals listed in the study are from the burial ground of an elderly warrior surrounded by four men and a horse, dated to c. 530 AD at Hiddestorf.  Main grave (HID001A/HID001B burial 1995) is listed as R1b-P312 in the Supplementary Data spreadsheet (I found a downstream DF19 call in the .bam file) and is said to be a high status Frankish burial unique in northwest Germany containing a variety of rich grave goods and weapons:

Due to the peculiarity of the burials due to their planned arrangement, their warlike impression, their simultaneity and the time of the burials around 530 AD led to considerations whether they are connected with the Battle of the Unstrut of 531 AD., link

THE NORTH

By the Iron Age, Scandinavia had become more self sufficient in iron production, having an abundance of raw materials, i.e. bog iron and wood for smelting.  The region was previously reliant on trade for its bronze and that was controlled by powerful chieftains who were connected to the maritime supply network from the south.  The need to interact with the old central European monopolies for metal decreased but trade networks continued relatively unscathed along the Atlantic maritories in the Early Iron Age. The ready availability of locally-sourced iron meant that a wider section of the population had access to advanced weapons and this may have had an impact in the following Migration Period.

Along with the Belgic and Frankish tribes, Angles from northern Germany and Scandinavia would serve as mercenaries in the Roman garrisons of what is now northern and eastern England.  Similarities in Anglo-Saxon and Vendel era helmet design with that of Roman army parade helmets indicate the extent of Roman influence.  The Angles would eventually become rulers of much of the North Sea region of Britain and go on to found the kingdom of England.  One might imagine what is now Holland, northern Germany and southern Denmark on the one hand, and Kent, East Anglia, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire and Northumberland on the other, as being two halves of the same North Sea territory with the same clans having an interest on both coasts.  Situated above those two regions lay Norway and below was Francia.  These embryonic states would all exert their influence all around the North Sea to some extent.  The Anglian, Saxon, Jutish, Frisian and Frankish/Merovingian clans, speaking similar mutually intelligible West Germanic languages, arrived in England in greater numbers in the Migration Period after the late-fourth century.  Frankish/Iron Age France autosomal profiles as well as more northerly CNE profiles were detected in burials from the later Migration Period in the Anglo-Saxon paper dating to the seventh and early-eighth centuries.  A seventh century royal Anglo-Saxon female bed burial at Street House on the North Yorkshire coast near Whitby contained high status artifacts with a connection to Francia.

Above, scallop-shaped jewel found  with the remains of a bed on which a high-status woman was buried near Loftus, Cleveland., link

Elements of the later Viking Age (late-eighth to eleventh centuries AD) might have also been motivated by on-going competition between descendants of earlier North Sea clans.  The Migration Period is traditionally thought to have begun in the late Iron Age, around AD 375 (possibly as early as 300) and ended in around 568.  Extreme weather events in 534-536 severely depopulated parts of Northern Europe, especially Scandinavia.  Soon after this cold weather and famine the Plague of Justinian swept Europe in 541-549, further reducing population numbers.  The Vendel Period in Scandinavia began soon after and developed into the Viking Age by around 750 AD in the north.  It was probably during, or soon after, the climatic and pandemic catastrophes that Rox2 had its founding event - a time that broadly coincides with the recovery of population numbers in Northern Europe. 

An ongoing study is focused on the site of a massacre at an Iron Age ringfort on the southeastern shoreline of the Swedish island of Öland.  The ringfort known as Sandby Borg was founded c. 480 AD and the attack was estimated to have taken place c. 500-540 AD:

The results of the DNA analysis show that this is a genetically homogeneous population with a probable south-Scandinavian affinity (Rodríguez Varela et al., In prep).

In House 4, Sweden's oldest glass workshop was found with evidence for glass bead production and precious metal working. About 10 human individuals were found in the house and on the street outside it, as well several animals that were probably left in the ringfort after the massacre. 

In House 52, a hall was found with finds including a gold hoard, Roman glass and the body of an elderly man (possibly a chief) who was killed in front of the high seat. This Modus Operandi indicates a strong break of the “Hall peace” norm, described in the Old Norse sagas. The social norms surrounding e.g. warfare during the late Iron Age were thus already in place during the mid-Iron Age.

The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present, Ricardo Rodríguez-Varela et al., January 2023, link, highlighted 15 individuals from the pre-Viking Age site whose perimortem trauma and in situ locations are more consistent with a massacre than with a battle.  Of the six with yDNA results none were R1b.  Three in 'House 4' were yDNA N1a, including snb017 (a 6-8 year old boy), snb014 an elderly man and snb019, a young adult.  The rest were young adults or adolescents.  Two were I1a (snb012 and snb013 in House 40) and one I2a1b (snb010 in House 40).  In the same paperIn the paper a new sample from a Vendel era eight-metre-long boat burial (Vendel grave XIV) dated to 560/570 – 610/620 CE, ven001, was labelled R1b-P310 (R1b1a1b1a1 in ISOGG's terminology) in the Supplementary table.  The mtDNA is H40a:H77:H.  Remains of the man's cheekbone were found preserved inside the helmet, pictured below.  The site of the burial ground at Vendel is about twenty miles upriver from Gamla Uppsala.  Another Vendel burial was vlg006 (low coverage) from a cemetery containing fifteen boat burials at Valsgärde on a hill in the Fyris valley just a couple of miles north of Gamla Upplasa.  Ven001's grave belongs to the first generation of burials at Vendel:

The burial is unique among the known boat graves from both Vendel and Valsgärde, as the man seems to have been buried half-seated fully dressed in a tunic - garments of fine linen tabby and woollen twill - with a belt around his waist, wearing a helmet and placed on a feather cushioned bed.

Danes and then Normans/Flemings of similar ancestry would arrive in Britain later in the medieval period.  An interesting insight into the late Iron Age in the north comes from the following papers, Between Sutton Hoo and Oseberg–dendrochronology and the origins of the ship burial tradition, Niels Bondea and Frans-Arne Stylegar, 2016, states:

Boat graves were a common feature of the areas bordering the North Sea and Baltic at least from the Late Roman period to Viking Age.

 It concludes, 

In light of more recent research it is more likely that the use of ships and boats in burials was common practice around the North Sea and in the Western Baltic during the Late Migration period and was introduced to Eastern England with the same ‘wave’ of cultural influences that took new forms of brooches and a new dress code from Western Norway to Anglia in the late fifth century AD, and, further-more, that the Anglian ship graves of the early seventh century represent an elaboration of this common practice, related to political centralisation and Christianisation in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In light of new dendrochronological dates from Avaldsnes in Western Norway, it seems probable that this high-status, indeed royal, form of burial, that is, actual ship graves as opposed to the much more widespread practice of burial in relative small boats, was introduced to Scandinavia from Eastern England via Western Norway in the eighth century, culminating in the well-known Viking Age ship graves at Oseberg, Gokstad, Tune and Ladby.

 Scéaf, engraved by L. B. Hansen, link

A more recent paper, Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia, Royal graves and sites at Avaldsnes and beyond, Edited by Dagfinn Skre, 2020, covers the same ground  in more detail and adds new findings, (pdf).

The origin myths used would be following the pattern of the Skjǫldungar myth, in which the originator of the clan magically arrives as a small child alone in a drifting boat, and who was returned by the clan to the gods by means of a ship funeral. This ideology, it is argued, first emerged in southern Scandinavia in the Migration Period, where its most vivid expression was that of monumental ship settings; subsequently it transformed to ship inhumation burials below mounds as it was briefly adopted by an East Anglian royal family. Later it was adopted again, in its morphed Anglo-Saxon form, by sea-kings ruling from Karmøy in the late 8th century.

Three potential members of the Scalding dynasty in tenth century Northumbria were Ingwær, Eowils and Halfdan.  It's likely that they are from the same family as the earlier similarly-named ninth century trio, Ivar, Auisle and Halfdan of the Uí Ímair.  Ingwær, Eowils and Halfdan were killed in battle against the army of King Edward the Elder of Wessex at Tettenhall in Mercia on the fifth of August 910.  Historia de sancto Cuthberto uses Scaldingi three times in reference to the leadership of the Viking forces - as mentioned on the Founder page.  The term Scyldingi might mean 'people from the River Scheldt', the river was known as Scaldis in Roman times.  'Viking' chiefs had control of the island of Walcheren to use as a fortified North Sea base at the wide marshy estuary of the Scheldt delta region in Zeeland in the southwest of the Netherlands.  Once used by the Romans, the island had already been long-used as a launching point for voyages to Britain, similar to Quentovic in Francia.  The Scaldingis claimed decent from the Scyldings, the ancient Danish royal dynasty, so perhaps the two meanings (a clan and a place) became conflated and the dynasty's adopted name had a locative origin.  Frisia west of the river Scheldt became part of Zeelandic Flanders and Walcheren, belonged to Flanders after 1012.

The legendary founder of the royal Scylding or Skjölding clan Sceaf was a foundling who washed ashore in a boat and his ship burial is described in the epic poem Beowulf.  The imagery and symbolism is reminiscent of much earlier designs depicting 'Stranger Kings' and boats in Scandinavian rock art in the Late Bronze Age.  J. R. R. Tolkien wrote a poem about Sceaf called King Sheave.

In Tolkien's treatment, a ship drifts to the land of the Longobards in the north. It beaches itself and the folk of that country enter and find a young and handsome boy with dark hair asleep with a "sheaf of corn" as his pillow and a harp beside him. The boy awoke the following day and sang a song in an unknown tongue which drove away all terror from the hearts of those who heard it. They made the boy their king, crowning him with a garland of golden wheat.  Link

Tolkien's Sheave fathers seven sons from whence came the Danes, Goths, Swedes, Northmen, Franks, Frisians, Swordmen.  Another near-contemporary royal house with an aquatic founding myth is that of the Merovingians in the south - Merovech was said to be the result of his mother, Frankish king Chlodio's wife, encountering a Quinotaur while swimming. 

Recent archaeological research has identified a major cemetery and settlement in Ipswich on the north bank of the River Orwell that dates to the 7th century. The Buttermarket cemetery included the graves of at least 71 men, women, and children. Many of the burials were placed in wood- lined coffins or containers, and two of the containers appear to be small boats. These types of graves are rare in England, but common in the Merovingian regions of the European continent.  Early Medieval Britain: The Rebirth of Towns in the Post-Roman West, Pam J. Crabtree, 2018.  Link.

 The paper Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK., Adeline Morez et al., 2022, link, states:

The early medieval individuals from England are intermediate between modern English people and Scandinavians, which is consistent with various degrees of admixture between Iron Age groups from England and immigrants from northern/central Europe.

Map, above, is from the Nordvegen Historiesenter website:  

Augvald’s kingdom. (Map from A. Opedal: ‘Skipsgravene på Karmøy. Kongemakt og kongerike i en førstatlig tid”. (Ill. S. Iversen).  Green colour: Marks areas mentioned in connection with king Augvald according to “The Archive for the Department of Education and Information” by Dr. P. Hansen. 1800.  Red dots: Mark sites connected with the realm of 700s., link

There is evidence of contact between southern and northern regions of the North Sea basin at this time.  In the Merovingian period, shortly after depopulation due to the extreme weather events of the mid-sixth century, Avaldsnes, on the southwestern Norwegian coast was fortified and burial mounds appear.  This period coincides with the Vendel Period in Scandinavia.  The Sutton Hoo helmet deposited in a king's burial mound in East Anglia, England, in around 625 AD is very similar in design to the Vendel and Valsgärde helms.  Avaldsnes in Norway is named after King Augvald, who is said to have lived at Avaldsnes at about the same time that King Rædwald, the king buried in the Sutton Hoo ship burial, was living in England.  Note the wald name element meaning 'ruler' shared by the two contemporaries.  The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle later described Rædwald as bretwalda, meaning Britain-ruler.  Augvald's name probably means 'coast-ruler'.

Almost two centuries after the time of Rædwald and Augvald in the late eighth century another great burial mound Storhaug was built at Avaldsnes to house a king lying in a 27 meter long ocean-going ship with his possessions.  The site had geographical as well as spiritual importance.  The ancient shipping lanes there were sheltered by islands from the most exposed and treacherous stretches of water off Norway's North Sea coast and the straits narrowed into a bottleneck at Avaldsnes.  Earlier, in the Bronze Age, raw metal was exported to Møre og Romsdal county in Norway (see the second half of the third millennium BCE Mjeltehaugen burial monument) along Maritime Beaker trade routes from Iberia, Britain and the Italian Alps and would have had to pass through Avaldsnes on its way north.  The strong currents at Salhus forced passing vessels to lay anchor and wait until the tide turned - Avaldsnes had a safe harbour for them to wait in.  

Similar to  Scaldingi-occupied Walcheren on the southern coast of Frisia, whoever controlled Avaldsnes might control trade and take taxes from merchants that passed by.  The Frankish empire was at its height at this time under the rule of Charlemagne and was establishing trading posts.  There was demand in the south for the commodities found in Norway and goods had to pass through the narrow Karmsundet strait at Avaldsnes on their way south to Carolingian Europe.  The king buried in Storhaug in the summer of 779 had established a kingdom that possibly emulated the Frankish-style network of alliances sanctioned by gift-giving.  The grave goods in his howe show Frankish influence.  The Storhaug king's ship burial included a smaller boat, a sleigh, a horse, weapons, a gold bracelet and many other valuable burial gifts.  There were two swords of Frankish design.  The area would become the site of King Harald Fairhair's royal courts in the late ninth century.  The Nordvegen Historiesenter website asks:

Did the legendary Harald conquer an ancient kingdom here after the Battle of Hafrsfjord? Or was Harald Hairfair the heir to this kingdom, which he used as a starting point for the unification of Norway?

A 20 metre ship, possibly a with the capibilty of sailing, has been recently identified at Karmøy and is under examination (announced in the press in April 2023).  It dates to c. 770 AD and is therefore from the earliest period in the Viking Age.  Georadar surveys indicate that another ship was buried nearby.  The Karmøy ship is about the same age as those recorded first raiding in Britain and Ireland in the 790s and is about 50 years older than the famous Oseberg ship.  The early Viking Age fleets are thought to have probably originated from the Norwegian Westland, from the same region as the Karmøy ship remains:

The three Viking ship graves in Karmøy show that this is where the first Viking kings lived, according to Reiersen.  Link

Harald's descendants would rule Norway from the site for the next 500 years.  At the end of the 700s AD, relations between Charlemagne's expansive Christian Frankish kingdom and the still-pagan kingdoms in the north of Europe and Scandinavia had soured.  By contrast, there were generally closer relations between the ruling Christian Angles in England and the Franks, although in the late 790s the English kingdoms were in a state of turmoil due to rival warring factions claiming the throne of Northumbria.  Charlemagne took a close interest in the affairs of Northumbria at that time as a result.  Alcuin of York was a prominent and respected member of Charlemagne's court and the Northumbrian and Frankish royal families intermarried - there were the above mentioned close cultural connections between southern and eastern England and Francia.  In the north of continental Europe Charlemagne destroyed pagan temples and had 4500 Saxon rebels executed in Verden in 782.  He then threatened Denmark when Danish King Sigfred gave refuge to Widukind, leader of the Saxons.  Although there had been occasional raids before this time, the Viking Age in Britain is said to have started in 793 with a violent seaborne attack on the wealthy island monastery of Lindisfarne off the north east coast of England.  Lindisfarne was described as 'the sacred heart of the Northumbrian kingdom' and was an important and famous place of learning in the North.  As mentioned, the Kingdom of Northumbria was not as strong and united as it had once been and was vulnerable to attack.  The Scaldingi appear to have taken advantage of this weakness in 866 and invaded under the pretext of having ancestral claims to the land - possibly dating back to the earliest raids of the 790s., if not before  The following centuries would see great upheaval around Britain and Ireland with the arrival of large armies under the command of Ivarr, his relatives and descendants.

VIKING AGE DF27

Details about yDNA from the Viking Age (c. 750-1066 AD) were released in an online article in July 2019 - Population genomics of the Viking world, Ashot Margaryan et al..  The study used possibly incomplete (for ZZ12 subclades) longhand ISOGG nomenclature, not SNP names.  The .bam files were later released  (September 2020) and analysed to reveal their yDNA haplogroups in more detail.  Not all the burials were Scandinavians or from the Viking Age, they are people from the wider 'Viking World' and some date to more recent times, some to much earlier times.  The auDNA admixtures mentioned below are just for interest and are in comparison with modern populations and do not necessarily represent the situation 1000 years ago.

DF27>Z195 Burials:

VK329 CTS4065+ from Ribe, Denmark 9-11th century AD (FTDNA's R-S18894) was a Christian burial at Ansgar's church, 9-11th century AD.  Very high Danish autosomal DNA, fairly high Basque French too.  Autosomal ancestry estimates for DF27>Z195 VK329, link.  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

Dewsloth's comparison with modern results: Basque_French 16%, Danish 57%, Finnish_East 4.2%, Irish 1.6%, Italian 13.8%, Swiss_German 7.4%, link.  

VK87 Z262+ from Hesselbjerg, Denmark, 850-900 AD (FTDNA's R-Z198).  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

VK403 Z262+ from Varnhem, Sweden, 10-12th century AD (FTDNA's R-BY3222).  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

Dewsloth's comparison with modern autosomal results: Albanian 0.8%, Basque_French 7.2%, Finnish East 4.8%,  Italian 10.2%, Norwegian 29.6%, Swiss_German 47.4%, link  Further analysis, all L151 Viking samples: link  DF27: Half Dane: VK329 (28% South).  Very Mixed Dane: VK87, VK166.  Very Low Dane: VK403 (10% + 30% Brit + 30% South).

VK166 SRY2627+ (Y30608) from Oxford, UK, 880-1000 AD (FTDNA's BY67003).  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

VK164, also at St_John’s College Oxford, 880-1000 CE, was Z195>R-Z205

DNA can become damaged with time and ISOGG may not have had all of the DF27>ZZ12 subclades covered at the time that the Viking Age study consulted their tree.  Testing coverage does not always cover the part of the y chromosome that DF27 and U152 are located at.  Some of the twenty-or-so ancient samples listed as R1b, L151, P310 or P312 could well be 'missed' DF27-ZZ12 subclades.  The following burials were identified after the .bam files were examined in autumn 2020.

VK147 from the St John's College mass grave site Oxford (880-1000 AD) was later found to be DF27/S250>Z195/S355>Z272>BY907>F14113 (FTDNA DF17>CTS13028>FT44718>FGC14113>BY31082>Y31431>Y75899).   N profile (M. Moriopoulos)

As well as Danish-like autosomal ancestry they have UK-like and Southern European-like (Northern Italian samples) elements.  

DF27s and lone DF19 all look like mixed, 3-peak Danes (and maybe Anglo-Saxons looks similar??); e.g. Atlantic+Dane+Italian all in significant quantity. They are found in Dane-like (but also cosmopolitan) Oland, Denmark and the Oxford mass grave burials. link 

YFull lists VK335 (Oland, Sweden 9-11th centuries CE) as FGC31188/BY2285 on their DF27 tree but this contradicts the FTDNA analysis that finds him to be U152.

DF27>ZZ12 Burials

Analysis of the .bam files by Alex Williamson uncovered a DF27>ZZ12 sample, 

VK365 (from Bogøvej, on Langeland in Denmark, 10th century AD), who is DF27/S250>ZZ12>BY3289>Y6954>Y6951>4261976-T-TGCGG>Y1563.  FTDNA list him as BY43800 and there are two modern kits from Ireland and France in the same subclade (September 2020).  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

Autosomal map for VK365 by ph2ter looks strongly central European/French in origin, link

Dewsloth's comparison with modern results: Albanian 15%, Basque_French 21.8%, English_Cornwall 14.2%, Finnish_East 8.4%, Swiss_French 37.6%, Swiss_German 3%, link

VK261 (from Ridgeway Hill Mass Grave, Dorset, England, a group of 54 executed Scandinavian men, 10th-11th century AD) is DF27>ZZ12>Z46512>FGC78762>ZZ19>Z31644>FGC13128>FGC78763>BY64643 according to FTDNA analysis of the .bam files.  He was one of ten individuals from that site who were tested for the paper.  VK261 UK_Dorset-3736 would have had a striking facial appearance whenever he laughed or snarled due to his filed teeth.  The teeth are marked by horizontal grooves that might have been coloured.  One present-day kit on the FTDNA Haplotree belonging to this subclade has an England flag as their place of origin.  ZZ19>Z31644 is the early 'brother' subclade to ZZ19>Z34609 (Rox2's branch), both immediately downstream of ZZ19.  Mixed NS profile (M. Moriopoulos)

An analysis of teeth from ten of the skeletons was carried out by the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, part of the British Geological Survey. This found that the men had come from Scandinavia, with one thought to have come from north of the Arctic Circle, and had eaten a high protein diet comparable with human remains found at known sites in Sweden. link

At least one individual [VK261] had filed teeth, seen as horizontal grooves on his central, upper incisors, possibly as a status symbol or a marker of occupation.  Population genomics of the Viking world, Supplementary Information, link (pdf).

Dr Britt Baillie from University of Cambridge said she believes that this practice has links to customs of the Jomsvikings, a group of trained mercenaries.  Their base was said to be Jomsborg on the southern Baltic coast, not Gotland where most of the carved teeth group are found.  The warriors in Dorset were deliberately beheaded with a blow to the front of the neck, not the back.  Since that was supposedly the way Jomsvikings preferred to die, as told in the Saga of the Jomsvikings, it is speculated that those carrying out the executions may have been Vikings themselves or were aware of their culture and customs.

Of the 130-or-so cases of individuals with filed teeth to be discovered so far most are from Sweden with a concentration (80%) of the practice on the island of Gotland.  They are of all ages but are all men.  Two are from Denmark and the DF27>ZZ12>ZZ19 burial VK261 is the only example to be found in Britain.  There is said to be another (unpublished) example that was found in Norway.  The only other example of similar tooth-filing that might be related is from the early-eighth century AD in Egypt.  

As mentioned, analysis of the teeth relating to dietary intake suggests that the Dorset Vikings ate similar food to that consumed in Sweden.  I don't know which one came from north of the Arctic Circle.  As for the others, 'Chemical evidence from the bones indicated that they had eaten diets of mixed geographical origins, suggesting that they had migrated around northern Europe. Their physical features were also very similar to Scandinavian populations of the time and the physique of some of them indicated that they were possibly warriors. ' link

Isotope analysis performed on a number of skeletons suggests they were a disparate group of people in terms of their origins, migratory histories, and dietary habits, although a general emphasis on Arctic and sub-Arctic areas of Scandinavia, northern Iceland, the Baltic States, Belarus, and Russia, and on terrestrial food sources, are suggested. It appears that the majority were not living in the British Isles in the years leading to their deaths.  Population genomics of the Viking world, Supplementary Information, pdf.

There are no historical records that directly link the mass grave with an event, but there are a number of possibilities, such as the ravaging of Portland in 982 CE, or Viking attacks in Dorset in 998, 1015, and 1016 CE. Although it seems very likely that these were Vikings executed by the English, the possibility that they were a group of mercenaries fighting for the English and executed by Vikings cannot be entirely ruled out. Other possible scenarios are that the men were merchants or recent settlers in England who were sentenced to judicial execution by the English authorities, were victims of the St Brice’s Day massacre (1002 CE), or were hostages or combatants engaging in reprisals against previous enemies during the reign of Cnut (1016-35 CE).  Population genomics of the Viking world, Supplementary Information, pdf.

Another Viking burial (VK333/Oland_1028) analysed for the paper also had filed teeth.  His haplogoup is R-P312>DF19>DF88>FGC11833>S4281>S4268>Z17112>FT354149>Z17125>Z17123>Z29034.  He was a 'non local' 'mature male' found at Vikleby on the southeastern Swedish island of Öland, near Gotland, and dates to 885 AD +/- 69 years (14C calib.).  Mixed NS profile.  He appears to have also met a violent death, showing evidence skull trauma. link: (pdf)

Given the potential dietary link to Sweden for the Dorset Viking group and the filed teeth custom's geographical focus in Gotland (80% of all occurences), a future comparison between VK333 (DF19) from Öland and VK261 (DF27) in Dorset and other instances of men with filed teeth might be interesting.  VK261 and VK333 from the Viking paper have both tooth modification and violent death outside Gotland in common.  They both had ancestry that combines northerly and southwestern autosomal DNA as found for other Viking Age burials in a study of western Gotland, showing that their ancestors were widely-travelled in those regions.  Were the society of carved-teeth men born in Gotland or were they visitors who got their distinctive dental work there when they joined that group?  Perhaps members/initiates returned to Gotland to retire unless they died on their travels abroad, like VK261 and VK333.

Picture Credit: ©The Trustees of the British Museum 

Of the 34 R1b-P312 burials, 9, or 26.5%, were DF27+ and all  were from Scandinavian context/Viking Era samples.  7 were U152 (one of those VK534 was a later Italian burial), 1 was DF99 and 1 DF19).  The burials that remain undefined L151 due to lack of coverage are from the same locations as the burials with Danish-like autosomal ancestry. 

Associated .bam files were released in September 2020.  A list of the results analysed by FTDNA are here: link

An interactive map showing all results can be seen here: link 

35 sets of .bam results from the 2018, Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population by Ebenesersdóttir et al. (link) were analysed and results were forthcoming for 27 of them.  There were no DF27s although one KOV-A2 is R-L151, so he might be a 'missed' DF27 or U152.

SUMMARY

The DF27 vikings look to share mixed autosomal ancestry perhaps derived from a population engaged in circulation around the North Sea basin sea routes since the Bell Beaker arrival in the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age.  By comparison, the L21 burials (L21 has high frequency in Ireland and the west of Britain) are mostly North Atlantic/British-like with much less Danish and Southern admixture.  Viking Age haplogroup frequencies appear to be very similar to today.  The number of yDNA results was not high and did not cover all areas but, for what it's worth, overall there is almost as much R1b as I1 (84 R1b, 92 I1) in this study and there is slightly more R1b-P312 than R1b-U106.  This study and the Anglo-Saxon paper confirm that DF27 haplogroups were present within the Early Medieval populations of northern Europe.  DF27 burials from the Anglo-Saxon Migration Period generally show high levels of northern continental European CNE admixture.  Migrants bearing CWE (French IA) are said to have migrated to England at the same time, probably from southern continental North Sea coastal areas of Francia that contained broadly equal percentages of CNE and CWE ancestry.  The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool and Population genomics of the Viking world studies show that bearers of yDNA DF27 haplogroups moved to England in the Early Middle Ages from continental North Sea Europe.  Age estimates suggest that Rox2's sudden founding event happened in the same Early Medieval Period.  No Rox2 has been found in scientific studies yet.

EASTERN, CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

Two DF27* burials were identified in Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians, Zoltan Maroti et al., 2022, link.  MSper45 (MS-45: Grave No. 45), Early Avar, 620-660 AD, mtDNA K1c2, yDNA R-DF27*(xL629,Z2552,L881,F3867.2,Z222) and MSper50 (MS-50: Grave No. 50), Middle Avar, 670-710 AD, mtDNA U5a1g, yDNA R-DF27*(xS227,Z2552,L881,S359,DF81). 

SZA-7 is DF27>Z195 (R-S450), PLE-441 is L21+ (R-Z2183) and IBE-161 is U152 >L2 ( R-FGC12383*). They are R1b-P312 burials from different sites in Hungary.  All  three were labelled 'conquered commoner' and are later burials than the two DF27* Avar burials from Mélykút-Sáncdűlő.  From the Supplementary Information (pdf):

PLE-441: Grave No. 441:

The grave contained the skeleton of an infant (ca. 3 years old) without known grave goods. The burial was dated to the 11th century CE, and it was at the north-eastern corner of the cemetery. 

IBE-161: Grave 161:

The grave of an infant (ca. 10 years old). Traces of wooden coffin, i.e., the iron pants were found. Besides, two penannular hair rings and an obsidian fragment were in the grave. The burial was dated to the 10th century CE.

SZA-7: Grave No. 7:

The skeletal remains of a young-middle adult male with Europid and Mongoloid characteristics were found in the grave with iron rings and a knife. It was in the middle of the cemetery.  (11th century commoner)

Of the two earlier DF27* graves found in the cemetery at Mélykút–Sánc-dűlő, southern Hungary, labelled 'Early Avar' and 'Middle Avar' respectively:

MS-45: Grave No. 45: 

It was the burial of an adult male, oriented in the NNW–SSE directions. Silver earrings with a spherical pendant, an iron buckle, a belt decorated with pressed silver mounts, a knife, an iron ring, and a bardbox decorated with carved bone plates were found in the grave. The grave was dated between 630-660 CE.

MS-50: Grave No. 50:

The skeletal remains of an adult male were found in the NNW–SSE oriented grave. The burial contained iron buckles, rectangular-shaped pressed belt fittings, a pressed strap-end decorated with medallion, a strap-end decorated with a masque, an iron ring, an axe, and hand-made pottery. The grave was dated approximately to the 670s CE.

In the study Understanding 6th-Century Barbarian Social Organization and Migration through Paleogenomics, Carlos Eduardo G. Amorim et al. there are four good quality WGS samples from sixth century Longobard cemeteries in Hungary and Northern Italy who's files were analysed by Alex Williamson.  One was DF27.  Longobards were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774 AD. SZ5 (SRR6703600) buried with a spatha and lance from Szólád, Hungary is: DF27/S250>Z195/S355>Z198>ZS312>FGC39101>BY3195.  Full paper in Nature, September 2018, here.  Hopefully similar more informative WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing) will be used on some of the Amesbury Bell Beaker samples one day.  

SZ27B, SZ37 and SZ42 were in fact U152 > L2. However CL49 was not Z367. link

From the Olalde et al. Iberian study:

I3576: 408–538 cal CE, ZZ12>BY3332>PH4023>BY35077 

I3582: 400–600 CE, Z195/S355>Z272>S450>Z295/S1217>ZZ77>Z216

L’Esquerda is an archaeological site located in a peninsula created by the river Ter in Roda de Ter.  This location creates strategic features that explain the continuity of settlement from the end of the Bronze Age to the 14th century CE.  From the oppidum of the Ausetani tribe to the Roda Civitas of the Visigoths and Carolingians, its walls demonstrate the importance of the site as a fortress that witnessed the establishment of different peoples (55). 

With the establishment of the Carolingians at the end of the 8th century CE over the ruins of the old Iron Age Iberian fortress and making use of the Visigoth wall, an initial settlement was formed.  It was consolidated during the 9th and 10th centuries CE around a church called Sant Pere de Roda.  During the first half of the 11th century CE, a new church was built in the same location, whose remains can still be seen.  A necropolis was created around the church with burials in three different levels.  The lowest level was characterized by anthropomorphic tombs excavated in the rock and dated to the end of the 8th century CE and the beginning of the 10th century CE.  We analyzed five individuals from this level: link

I7672/T-120-1: 785–801 CE [between conquest of Girona and conquest of Barcelona] is R1b-L151 (so possibly 'missed' DF27)

I7675/T-194: 785–801 CE [between conquest of Girona and conquest of Barcelona] is also R1b-L151

LATER MEDIEVAL

DNA has been analysed from Crusaders killed in battle and buried in a mass burial pit from Sidon, Lebanon in a 2019 study and one, ERS3189352/SI-41, dated 1187-1266 calCE was DF27+.  Another ERS3189343/SI-53, 1025–1154 calCE was L21+.  SI-40.SG (1000-1300 CE), SI-41.SG  (1184-1273 calCE) and SI-39.SG  (1212-1285 calCE) from Lebanon were DF27+.

MORE RECENT aDNA

Bishop Peder Winstrup (b. 1605 Copenhagen, d. 1679) is predicted to be DF27>Z195+ (R-Z272>R-Z209>R-Z295>R-S1221>R-Y8715>R-Y7765>R-CTS10029>R-Y10797>R-FGC15748>R-FGC15739>R-FT8333).  He was Bishop of Lund in Scania, a region in what is now modern-day Sweden, during a period spanning both Danish and Swedish sovereignty.  His mummified remains and those of a prematurely-born infant boy buried in the same tomb in Lund Cathedral were analysed and results indicated that they were relations, although apparently belonging to two different Z195 subclades.  The baby boy was R-DF27>R-Z195>R-Z272>R-DF17.