Piping

Credits: Prakash Shende, Reliance.

Fittings

· Elbows

· Return Bends

· Tees

· Reducers: a pipe fitting connecting two pipes of different diameters

· Caps

Flanges

· Weldnecks: welding the pipe to the neck of the pipe flange. The allows for the transfer of stress from the weld neck pipe flanges to the pipe itself

· Slip-ons: Slip on pipes and then welded at the end.

· Screwed: internal side threaded.

· Socketweld: internal pipe side welded

· Blinds: used to close ends of piping systems

Studbolts: a bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other; - called also standing bolt.

Gaskets: A gasket (correct terminology is a "joint" made from "jointing material") is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression.

· Non asbestos sheets: sheet of material has the gasket shape "punched out" of it. This leads to a very crude, fast and cheap gasket. In previous times the material was compressed asbestos, but in modern times a fibrous material such as graphite is used.

· Spiral wound: alternating layers of filler and metal. The filler material in these gaskets acts as the sealing element, with the metal providing structural support.

· RTJ (Ring type joint) rings: mostly used in offshore oil- and gas pipelines and are designed to work under extremely high pressure. They are solid rings of metal in different cross sections like oval, round, octagonal etc. Sometimes they come with hole in center for pressure equalization.

Valves

· Gate Valve: that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restric­tion is desired

· Globe Valve: A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

· Check Valve: allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

· Ball valves: A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur

· Plug valves: Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically-tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the valve is open.

· Butterfly Valve: be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required.