Course Reading Outline

Appendix A: References for Readings Cited Table 1

A. Origins of physics education in the U.S., 1860-1884

1. [Tyndall (1854)] John Tyndall, “On the importance of the study of physics,” in The Culture Demanded by Modern Life: A Series of Addresses and Arguments on The Claims of Scientific Education, by Profs. Tyndall, Henfrey, Huxley, et al., with an Introduction on Mental Discipline in Education by E. L. Youmans [From a lecture delivered in the Royal Institution of Great Britain in Spring 1854] (The Werner Company, Akron, OH, 1867), pp. 57–85.

2. [Spencer (1860)] Herbert Spencer, “Intellectual Education,” in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (Appleton, New York, 1860), excerpts: pp. 119–124, 154–161.

3. [Huxley (1869)] Thomas H. Huxley, “Scientific Education: Notes of an After-Dinner Speech” [1869], in Thomas H. Huxley, Science and Education: Essays (Macmillan & Co., London, 1893), pp. 111–133.

4. [Quackenbos (1871)] G. P. Quackenbos, Natural Philosophy, revised edition (Appleton, New York, 1871).

5. [Steele (1878)] J. Dorman Steele, Fourteen Weeks in Physics (A. S. Barnes, New York, 1878).

6. [Youmans et al. (1881)] E. L. Youmans, A. R. Grote, J. W. Powell, N. S. Shaler, and J. S. Newberry [AAAS Committee on Science Teaching in the Public Schools], “Report on Committee on Science Teaching in the Public Schools,” Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science [29^th Meeting, held at Boston, Mass., August 1880] 29, 55-63 (1881); also published as “On Science-Teaching in the Public Schools,” The Popular Science Monthly 23 (2), 207–214 (June 1883).

7. [Clarke (1881)] Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, A Report on the Teaching of Chemistry and Physics in the United States [Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, No. 6—1880] (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1881), pp. 9-20 (Chaps. 1, 2, and part of 3)

8. [Gage (1882)] Alfred P. Gage, A Textbook on the Elements of Physics for High Schools and Academies (Ginn, Heath, and Co., Boston, 1882), especially pp. ii-viii, “Author’s preface.”

9. [Wead (1884)] Charles K. Wead, Aims and Methods of the Teaching of Physics [Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education, No. 7–1884] (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1884), pp. 114–146, Chap. IV, “Discussion of the Replies,” especially Section II, “Reasons for Teaching Physics and the Ends to be Sought,” pp. 115–117, and Section III, “The Methods of Teaching Physics,” pp. 117–122.

B. The move toward laboratory science instruction, 1885-1902

10. [Hall and Bergen (1891)] Edwin H. Hall and Joseph Y. Bergen, A Textbook of Physics, Largely Experimental: On the Basis of the Harvard College “Descriptive List of Elementary Physical Experiments” (Henry Holt, New York, 1891) [second edition: 1897; third edition: 1905], especially “Introduction,” pp. iii–xiv.

11. [Carhart and Chute (1892)] Henry S. Carhart and Horatio N. Chute, The Elements of Physics (Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1892).

12. [NEA (1893)] National Educational Association, Report of the Committee on Secondary School Studies [“Report of the Committee of Ten,” appointed at the meeting of the National Educational Association, July 9, 1892, with the reports of the conferences arranged by this Committee and held December 28–30, 1892] (Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1893); pp. 25-27, pp. 117–127 [“Physics, Chemistry, and Astronomy”].

13. [Hall (1897)] Edwin H. Hall, Descriptive List of Elementary Exercises in Physics, Corresponding to the Requirement in Elementary Experimental Physics for Admission to Harvard College and the Lawrence Scientific School [92 pages] (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1897).

14. [NEA (1899)] National Educational Association, Report of Committee on College-Entrance Requirements, July 1899 [Appointed by Departments of Secondary Education and Higher Education at Denver Meeting, July, 1895] (National Educational Association, 1899); pp. 25–26 (“Physics”); pp. 180–183 ([Report on] “Physics”).

15. [CEEB (1901)] College Entrance Examination Board [Edward L. Nichols, William S. Franklin, and Frank Rollins, Examiners], Physics: Monday, June 17, 3-4:30 p.m. (CEEB, New York, 1901).

16. [Woodhull and Van Arsdale (1901)] John F. Woodhull and M. B. Van Arsdale, Physical Experiments: A Laboratory Manual (Appleton, New York, 1901).

17. [Hall (1902)] Edwin H. Hall, The teaching of physics in the secondary school, in The Teaching of Chemistry and Physics in the Secondary School, by Alexander Smith and Edwin H. Hall (Longmans, Green, New York, 1902), pp. 233–246 (Chap. 1: Whether to be a Teacher of Physics; Chap. 2: Preparation for Teaching), and pp. 267–288 (Chap. 5: School Text-books of Physics; Chap. 6: Discovery, Verification, or Inquiry?).

C. New Movement among physics teachers, 1903-1910

18. [Millikan (1906)] R. A. Millikan, “Present tendencies in the teaching of elementary physics, Sch. Sci. Math. 6, 119–124 and 6, 187–193 (1906).

19. [Mann (1906)] C. R. Mann, C. H. Smith, and C. F. Adams, “A new movement among physics teachers” [Circular I], Sch. Rev. 14, 212–216 (1906). [Also published in Sch. Sci. Math. 6, 198–202 (1906).]

20. [Hall (1906a)] Edwin H. Hall, “Modern trend of physics teaching,” Educ. Rev. 32, 94–97 (1906).

21. [Hall (1906b)] Edwin H. Hall, “Discussion of the New Movement among physics teachers,” Sch. Sci. Math. 6, 628-631 (1906).

22. [Millikan and Gale (1906)] Robert Andrews Millikan and Henry Gordon Gale, A First Course in Physics (Ginn, Boston, 1906).

23. [Circular VI (1908)] “The new movement among physics teachers.—Circular VI,” Sch. Sci. Math. 8, 522–525 (1908).

24. [Mann (1909a)] C. R. Mann, “The physics teacher’s problem,” Science 29 (755), 951–962 (1909).

25. [Mann (1909b)] C. R. Mann, “Physics teaching in the secondary schools of America,” Science 30, 789–798 (1909).

26. [Millikan (1909)] Robert A. Millikan, “The correlation of high school and college physics,” Sch. Sci. Math. 9, 466–474 (1909).

27. [Terry (1909)] H. L. Terry, “The new movement in physics teaching,” Educ. Rev. 37, 12–18 (1909).

28. [Hall (1909)] Edwin H. Hall, “The relations of colleges to secondary schools in respect to physics,” Science 30, 577–586 (1909).

29. [Dewey (1910a)] John Dewey, How We Think (D.C. Heath, Boston, 1910), Chap. 14.

30. [Dewey (1910b)] John Dewey, “Science as subject-matter and as method,” Science 31, 121–127 (1910).

31. [Mann and Twiss (1910)] Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss, Physics, revised edition (Scott, Foresman, Chicago, 1910).

D. Project Method and beginnings of PER, 1911-1914

32. [Mann (1912)] C. Riborg Mann, The Teaching of Physics for Purposes of General Education (Macmillan, New York, 1912), all introductory pages (vii-xxv), and Chapters 1-3 (pp. 1–72), Chap. 9 (pp. 198-217) and Chap. 11 (pp. 246–269).

33. [Mann (1913)] C. Riborg Mann, “Physics in daily life,” Science 37 (949), 351–360 (1913).

34. [Black and Davis (1913a), (1913b)] (a) N. Henry Black and Harvey N. Davis, Practical Physics: Fundamental Principles and Applications to Daily Life (Macmillan, New York, 1913); (b) N. Henry Black and Harvey N. Davis, Teachers’ Manual to Accompany Black and Davis’ Practical Physics (Macmillan, New York, 1913), Part I, pp. 1–15.

35. [Mann (1914)] C. R. Mann, “What is Industrial Science?” Science 39 515–524 (1914).

E. Reorganization of secondary curriculum, 1915-1922

36. [Barber (1915)] Fred D. Barber, “The present status and real meaning of general science,” Sch. Rev. 23, 9–24 (1915).

37. [Downing (1915)] Elliot R. Downing, “Nature-study and high-school science,” Sch. Rev. 23, 272–274 (1915).

38. [Eikenberry (1915)] W. L. Eikenberry, “Some facts about the General Science situation,” Sch. Rev. 23, 181–191 (1915).

39. [Twiss (1915a), (1915b)] George R. Twiss, “Present tendencies in science teaching,” School and Society 1 (11), 387–391 (1915); “Present tendencies in science teaching: II” School and Society 1 (12), 421–427 (1915).

40. [Millikan (1916)] Robert A. Millikan, “The elimination of waste in the teaching of high school science,” Sch. Sci. Math. 16, 193–202 (1916).

41. [Millikan (1917)] R. A. Millikan, “Science in the secondary schools,” Sch. Sci. Math. 5, 379–387 (1917).

42. [NEA (1920)] National Education Association, Reorganization of Science in Secondary Schools [A Report of the Commission on Reorganization of Secondary Education {CRSE}, Appointed by the National Education Association; G. R. Twiss, Chairman of the Physics Committee] (Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1920), pp. 49–60, “IV. Physics” and pp. 61–62, “Appendix. The Science Teacher.”

43. [Twiss (1920)] George R. Twiss, “The reorganization of high school science,” Sch. Sci. Math. 20, 1–13 (1920).

44. [Eikenberry (1922)] W. L. Eikenberry, The Teaching of General Science (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1922), Chaps. 4, 5, and 6 (pp. 35–94).

45. [Dull (1922)] Charles E. Dull, Essentials of Modern Physics (Henry Holt, New York, 1922).

F. Dominance by educationists, 1923-1947

46. [Millikan (1925)] R. A. Millikan, “The problem of science teaching in the secondary schools,” Sch. Sci. Math. 25, 966–975 (1925).

47. [Black (1930)] O. F. Black, The Development of Certain Concepts of Physics in High School Students: An Experimental Study (“Die Weste,” Potchefstroom, South Africa, n.d. [1930]).

48. [Hurd (1930)] A. W. Hurd, Final Test in High School Physics, Form B (Preliminary edition) (Teachers College, Columbia University, 1930)

49. [Hurd (1932)] A. W. Hurd, Work-Test Book in Physics (Macmillan, New York, 1932).

50. [Watkins (1932)] Ralph K. Watkins, “Instruction in physical science in the secondary schools” [excerpts], in The Thirty-First Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part I: A Program for Teaching Science, edited by Guy Montrose Whipple, prepared by the Society’s Committee on the Teaching of Science [Gerald S. Craig, Elliot R. Downing, Charles J. Pieper, Ralph K. Watkins, Francis D. Curtis, and S. Ralph Powers] (Public School Publishing Company, Bloomington, IL, 1932), pp. 243–256, and pp. 267–280.

51. [Beauchamp (1933)] Wilbur L. Beauchamp, Instruction in Science [Bulletin, 1932, No. 17, National Survey of Secondary Education, Monograph No. 22] (Office of Education, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1933), pp. 42–63, Chaps. VII, VIII, and IX.

52. [Kilgore (1941)] William Arlow Kilgore, Identification of Ability to Apply Principles of Physics [Issue 840 of Contributions to Education, Teachers College, Columbia University] (Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1941).

53. [Dull (1943)] Charles E. Dull, Modern Physics, revised (Henry Holt, New York, c. 1943).

54. [Noll et al. (1947) 46^th Yearbook] Victor H. Noll, William A. Brownell, Otis W. Caldwell, Gerald S. Craig, Francis D. Curtis, and Ellsworth S. Obourn, with collaboration of H. Emmett Brown, “The course in physics,” in The Forty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part I: Science Education in American Schools, edited by Nelson B. Henry (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1947), pp. 208–221 [from Chapter XII, “The content and methods of senior high school science”].

G. Re-engagement by physicists, rise of curriculum reform, 1948-1966

55. [Arons (1955)] A. B Arons, “The Amherst Program,” J. Higher Educ. 26 (2), 75–81, 112–113 (1955).

56. [Dull (1955)] Charles E. Dull, H. Clark Metcalfe, and William O. Brooks, Modern Physics (Henry Holt, New York, 1955).

57. [Arons (1959)] A. B. Arons, “Structure, methods, and objectives of the required freshman calculus-physics course at Amherst College,” Am. J. Phys. 27, 658–666 (1959).

58. [PSSC (1960)] Physical Science Study Committee, Physics (D. C. Heath, Boston, 1960).

59. [PSSC Lab Guide (1960)] Physical Science Study Committee, Physics Laboratory Guide (D. C. Heath, [Boston], 1960).

60. [Zacharias (1960)] J. R. Zacharias, “The work of the American Physical Science Study Committee,” in International Education in Physics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Physics Education, UNESCO House, Paris, July 18-August 4, 1960, edited by Sanborn C. Brown and Norman Clarke (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1960), pp. 40-53.

61. [Finlay (1962)] Gilbert C. Finlay, “The Physical Science Study Committee,” Sch. Rev. 70 (1), 63–81 (1962).

62. [Karplus (1964)] Robert Karplus, “The Science Curriculum Improvement Study,” J. Res. Sci. Teach. 2, 293–303 (1964).

H. Culmination of post-war reforms and emergence of modern PER, 1967-1991

63. [Strassenburg (1968)] Arnold A. Strassenburg, “A discovery approach to introductory physics,” in Commission on College Physics, Preparing High School Physics Teachers (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1968), Appendix C, pp. 20–21.

64. [NRC (1972)] National Research Council, Physics Survey Committee, Physics in Perspective, Volume I (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1972), pp. 27–30, Chap. 2, “Recommendations…physics and precollege education,” and pp. 723–805, Chap. 11, “Physics in education and education in physics,” particularly: pp. 731–760, “Education for public understanding”; pp. 815–820, Chap. 12, “Manpower in physics: patterns of supply and use…education in physics: secondary school.”

65. [NRC (1973)] National Research Council, Physics Survey Committee, Physics in Perspective, Volume II, Part B, The Interfaces (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1973), Section XIII, “Education,” pp. 1133–1263, especially pp. 1145–1148, Chap. 1, “Recommendations”; pp. 1148–1152, Chap. 2, “Introduction”; pp. 1152–1167, Chap. 3, “Physics in schools,” and pp. 1168–1181, Chap. 4, “Teaching the teachers of science.”

66. [Reif (1976) et al.] F. Reif, Jill H. Larkin, and George C. Brackett, “Teaching general learning and problem-solving skills,” Am. J. Phys. 44, 212–217 (1976).

67. [Hestenes (1979)] David Hestenes, “Wherefore a science of teaching?” Phys. Teach. 17, 235–242 (April 1979).

68. [Viennot (1979)] L. Viennot, “Spontaneous reasoning in elementary dynamics,” Eur. J. Sci. Educ. 1, 205–221 (1979).

69. [Trowbridge and McDermott (1980)] D. E. Trowbridge and L. C. McDermott, “Investigation of student understanding of the concept of velocity in one dimension,” Am. J. Phys. 48, 1020–1028 (1980).

70. [Halloun and Hestenes (1985)] I. A. Halloun and D. Hestenes, “The initial knowledge state of college physics students,” Am. J. Phys. 53, 1043–1055 (1985).

71. [Thornton and Sokoloff (1990)] R. K. Thornton and D. R. Sokoloff, “Learning motion concepts using real-time microcomputer-based laboratory tools,” Am. J. Phys. 58, 858–867 (1990).

72. [Laws (1991)] P. W. Laws, “Calculus-based physics without lectures,” Phys. Today 44 (12), 24–31 (1991).

73. [McDermott (1990)] L C. McDermott, “Millikan Lecture 1990: What we teach and what is learned – closing the gap,” Am. J. Phys. 59, 301–315 (1991).

74. [Van Heuvelen (1991)] Alan Van Heuvelen, “Learning to think like a physicist: A review of research-based instructional strategies,” Am. J. Phys. 59, 891–897 (1991).

I. Rise of conceptual physics and of modern PER, 1992-2001

75. [Heller, Keith, and Anderson (1992)] P. Heller, R. Keith, and S. Anderson, “Teaching problem solving through cooperative grouping. Part 1: Group versus individual problem solving,” Am. J. Phys. 60, 627–636 (1992).

76. [AAAS (1993) Benchmarks] American Association for the Advancement of Science, Project 2061, Benchmarks for Science Literacy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993); skim Chapters 1, 4, and 11.

77. [Heller and Hollabaugh (1992)] P. Heller and M. Hollabaugh, “Teaching problem solving through cooperative grouping. Part 2: Designing problems and structuring groups,” Am. J. Phys. 60, 637–644 (1992).

78. [Redish (1992)] E. F. Redish, “Implications of cognitive studies for teaching physics,” Am. J. Phys. 62, 796–803 (1994).

79. [Reif (1994)] F. Reif, “Millikan Lecture 1994: Understanding and teaching important scientific thought processes,” Am. J. Phys. 63, 17–32 (1995).

80. [Wells, Hestenes, and Swackhamer (1995)] M. Wells, D. Hestenes, and G. Swackhamer, “A modeling method for high school physics instruction,” Am. J. Phys. 63, 606–619 (1995).

81. [NRC (1996)] National Research Council, National Science Education Standards (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996), pp. 15–17 and pp. 103–113.

82. [McDermott (2001)] L. C. McDermott, “Oersted Medal Lecture 2001: ‘Physics Education Research—The key to student learning,’” Am. J. Phys. 69, 1127–1137 (2001).

J. The present day: high school physics, national reports, 2002-2014

83. [NRC (2006) America’s Lab Report] National Research Council, America’s Lab Report: Investigations in High School Science, [Committee on High School Science Laboratories: Role and Vision, S.R. Singer, M.L. Hilton, and H.A. Schweingruber, Editors. Board on Science Education, Center for Education. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education] (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2006), pp. 1–11.

84. [Committee on Prospering (2006)] Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology; Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007), pp. 1–21.

85. [PCAST (2010)] President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology [PCAST], Report to the President, Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future (Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C., 2010), pp. v–x, Executive Report, and pp. 1–13, Chapter 1.

86. [Meltzer, Plish, and Vokos (2012)] David E. Meltzer, Monica Plisch, and Stamatis Vokos, editors, Transforming the Preparation of Physics Teachers: A Call to Action. A Report by the Task Force on Teacher Education in Physics (T-TEP) (American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2012), pp. xi–xiii (Executive summary), pp. 1-7 (Introduction).

87. [NRC (2012) Framework] National Research Council, A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas [Committee on a Conceptual Framework for New K-12 Science Education Standards, Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education] (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2012), pp. 1–4.

88. [NRC (2012) DBER] National Research Council, Discipline-Based Education Research: Understanding and Improving Learning in Undergraduate Science and Engineering, edited by S.R. Singer, N.R. Nielsen, and H.A. Schweingruber (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2012), pp. 1–4 (Executive summary).

89. [NRC (2013)] National Research Council, Adapting to a Changing World—Challenges and Opportunities in Undergraduate Physics Education (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2013), pp. 1–7 (Summary).