Journal Publications

2025

1. Implementing notification strategies in the urbanEXODUS large-scale evacuation model, P. J. Lawrence, L. Filippidis,  A. Veeraswany, D. Blackshields, M. Marcello and S. Marsella, Safety Science, Volume 187, 106854, July 2025, DOI10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106854.

2024

2. Evacuation modelling for rapid multi-hazard tabletop exercise deployment, L. Filippidis, P. J. Lawrence, D. Blackshields, D. Cooney and E.R. Galea, Safety Science, Volume 173, 106438, May 2024, Pages 234–245, DOI10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106438.

2023

3. Trapped on the Seashore, Seaborne Evacuation, Impact of Exposure to PM2.5: Demonstration of the UrbanEXODUS Evacuation Model, L. Filippidis, P. J. Lawrence, D. Blackshields and J. Ewer, The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience, Chapter 28, February 2023, DOI: 10.52305/QURT7964

2021

4. Building Information Modelling for performance-based Fire Safety Engineering analysis – a strategy, A. Siddiqui, J. Ewer, P.J. Lawrence, E.R. Galea, I.R. Frost, Journal of Building Engineering,Volume 42, October 2021, 102794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102794

5. Exploring the potential effectiveness of dynamic and static emergency exit signage in complex spaces through simulation, L Filippidis, H Xie, ER Galea, PJ Lawrence, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 125, October 2021, 103404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103404

6. An evacuation model validation data-set for high-rise construction sites, S. Deere, H.Xie, E.R. Galea, D. Cooney, P.J.Lawrence, Fire Safety Journal. 9th March 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103118

2020

1. A naval damage incident recoverability toolset: Assessing naval platform recoverability after a fire event, A. Woolley, J. Ewer, P.J. Lawrence, S. Deere, A. Travers, T. Whitehouse, E.R. Galea, Ocean Engineering,Volume 207, 1 July 2020, 107351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107351

2. Hospital Evacuation Planning Tool for Assistance Devices (HEPTAD), M.S. Joyce, P.J. Lawrence, E.R.Galea, Fire and Materials, May 2020, DOI: 10.1002/fam.2856

3. Simulating Movement Devices Used in Hospital Evacuation, A.Hunt, E.R. Galea, P.J. Lawrence I.R. Frost and S.M.V. Gwynne, Fire Technology, January 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-00971-5

2018

1. Investigating the application of a hybrid space discretisation for urban scale evacuation simulation, N. Chooramun, P.J. Lawrence and E.R. Galea, Fire Technology, pp. 1-23, June 2018, ISSN 0015-2684 (Print), 1572-8099 (Online), doi: 10.1007/s10694-018-0742-y.

2017

1. The use of confidence intervals to determine convergence of the total evacuation time for stochastic evacuation models, A. Grandison, S. Deere, P. J. Lawrence, E. R. Galea, Ocean Engineering, 1 December 2017, Volume 146, Pages 234–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.047

2. The simulation of urban-scale evacuation scenarios with application to the Swinley forest fire, A. Veeraswamy, E. Galea, L Flippidis, P.J. Lawrence, S. Haasanen, R Gazzard, T. Smith, Safety Science, Volume 102, pages 178-193, July 2017, Pages 234–245, DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.07.015

3. Increasing the Simulation Performance of Large-Scale Evacuations Using Parallel Computing Techniques Based on Domain Decomposition, A. Grandison, Y. Cavanagh, P. J. Lawrence, E. R. Galea, Fire Technology, ISSN 1572-8099,pages 1-40, doi:10.1007/s10694-016-0645-8

4. Evacuation simulation using Hybrid Space Discretisation and Application to Large Underground Rail Tunnel Station. Chooramun, N., Lawrence, P. and Galea, E., Physical Sciences Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue 7, Aug 2017, DOI:10.1515/psr-2017-0001

2016

1. Fire safety assessment of open wide gangway underground trains in tunnels using coupled fire and evacuation simulation, Galea E.R., Wang Z., Jia F., Lawrence P.J. and Ewer J., Fire and Materials, 12 Dec 2016,ISSN 0308-0501,pages 1099-1018, https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2413) 

2014

1. Experimental and Survey Studies on the Effectiveness of Dynamic Signage Systems, Galea, E.R., Xie H. and Lawrence, P.J., Fire Safety Science 11:1129-1143, Jan 2014, DOI:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-1129

2013

1. An analysis and numerical simulation of the performance of trained hospital staff using movement assist devices to evacuate people with reduced mobility, A Hunt, E.R. Galea and P.J. Lawrence, Fire and Materials, Vol 39,Issue 4, pp407-429, December 2013, doi:10.1002/fam.2215

2012

1. Investigating Evacuation Lift Dispatch Strategies Using Computer Modelling, Kinsey, M.J., Galea, E.R., and Lawrence, P.J., Fire and Materials, Vol 36, pp399-415, 2012. doi: 10.1002/fam.1086

2. An Agent Based Evacuation Model Utilising Hybrid Space Discretisation, Chooramun, N., Lawrence, P.J., Galea, E.R., Safety Science, Vol 50, pp 1685-1694, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.022

3. Human Factors Associated with the Selection of Lifts/Elevators or Stairs in Emergency and Normal Usage Conditions, Kinsey, M.J., Galea, E.R., and Lawrence, P.J. Fire Technology, 48, pp2-26, 2012, DOI: 10.1007/s10694-010-0176-7

2011

1. Experimental Analysis of the Effectiveness of Emergency Signage and its Implementation in Evacuation Simulation, Xie, H., Filippidis, L., Galea, E.R., Blackshields, D., and Lawrence P. Fire and Materials, Vol 36, pp367-382, 2011. doi: 10.1002/fam.1095

2009

1. A Systematic Methodology to Assess the Impact of Human Factors in Ship Design, S J Deere, E R Galea, P J Lawrence. Applied Mathematical Modelling 33 (2009) 867-883. Publishers: Elsevier. ISSN: 0307-904X. Doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2007.12.014

2008

1. Assessing Ship Designs in terms of Human Factors Issues Associated with Evacuation and Normal Operations, S.J.Deere, E.R.Galea, P.J.Lawrence, Ship Technology Research, Volume 55, Issue 3 (July 2008), pp. 131-144. DOI:10.1179/str.2008.55.3.004

2. Integrating Personnel Movement Simulation into Preliminary Ship Design, D Andrews, L Casarosa and R Pawling, University College London, UK, E Galea, S Deere and P Lawrence, University of Greenwich, UK. Transactions of The Royal Institution of Naval Architects Part A: International Journal of Maritime Engineering, 150 (1). pp. 19-34. ISSN 1479-8751 (Print), 1740-0716 (Online)

3. Approximating the Evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower using Computer Simulation, Galea,E.R, Sharp, G., Lawrence, P.J., Holden, R., Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol 18 (2), 85-115, 2008. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042391507079343

4. Investigating the Representation of Merging Behavior at the Floor Stair Interface in Computer Simulations of Multi-Floor Building Evacuations, E Galea, G Sharp, P Lawrence. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Volume 18, pp. 291-316, 2008. Publisher SAGE. DOI:10.1177/1042391508095092

2007

1. Safety: new model for ship evacuation E R Galea, S Deere, G Sharp, L Filippidis, P Lawrence, S Gwynne, The Naval Architect, pp. 8-10, ISSN 0306-0209, 2007.

2. Signage Legibility Distances as a Function of Observation Angle, Hui X, Filippidis L, Gwynne S, Galea E.R., Blackshields, D., and Lawrence P., Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol 17, No1, pages 41-64, 2007. DOI: 10.1177/1042391507064025.

3. Recommendations on the Nature of the Passenger Response Time Distribution to be used in the MSC 1033 Assembly Time Analysis Based on Data Derived from Sea Trials, Galea, E.R., Deere, S., Sharp, G., Filippidis, L., Lawrence, P.J., and Gwynne, S., International Journal of Maritime Engineering, Vol 149, Part A1, ISSN 1479-8751, pp 15-29, 2007.

4. Recommendations on the nature of the passenger response time distribution to be used in the MSC 1033 assembly time analysis based on data derived from sea trials, E R Galea, S Deere, G Sharp, L Filippidis, P.J. Lawrence, S Gwynne, The International Journal of Maritime Engineering 01/2007, 149(A1):15-29. DOI:10.3940/rina.ijme.2007.a1.9507

2006

1. The Impact of the passenger response time distribution on ship evacuation performance, S. Deere, E.R.Galea, P.Lawrence and S. Gwynne, The Transactions of The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol 148, Part A1 (Journal of Maritime Engineering), ISSN 1479-8751, pp 35-44, 2006.

2. The Impact of the passenger response time distribution on ship evacuation performance, S. Deere, E.R.Galea, P.Lawrence and S. Gwynne, The Transactions of The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol 148, Part A1 (Journal of Maritime Engineering), ISSN 1479-8751, pp 35-44, 2006.

3. Representing the Influence of Signage on Evacuation Behaviour within an Evacuation Model, Filippidis L, Galea E, Gwynne S, Lawrence P., Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol 16, No1, pages 37-73, 2006. DOI: 10.1177/1042391506054298.

2005

1. A systematic comparison of buildingEXODUS predictions with experimental data from the Stapelfeldt trials and the Milburn House Evacuation, Gwynne S., Galea E.R., Owen, M. Lawrence P.J., and Filippidis L. Applied Mathematical Modelling 29, pp 818-851, 2005.

2003

1. The use of evacuation modelling techniques in the design of very large transport aircraft and blended wing body aircraft, Galea E.R., Blake S., Gwynne S. and Lawrence P. The Aeronautical Journal, Vol 107, Number 1070, pp 207-218, 2003.

2. Predicting the Past, Jiang, H, Gwynne S., Galea E.R., Lawrence P., Jia F and Ingason H. Fire Prevention Fire Engineers Journal, August 2003, pp18-20, 2003.

2002

1. Examining The Effect Of Exit Separation On Aircraft Evacuation Performance During 90-Second Certification Trials Using Evacuation Modelling Techniques, Blake, S. J., Galea, E. R., Gwynne, S., Lawrence, P. J., and Filippidis, L. The Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, pp1-16, January 2002.

2001

1. Modelling Occupant Interaction with Fire Conditions Using the buildingEXODUS model, Gwynne S., Galea, E. R., Lawrence, P.J. and Filippidis, L. Fire Safety Journal, 36, pp327-357, 2001.

1999

1. A Review of the Methodologies Used in Evacuation Modelling, Gwynne S, Galea E.R., Owen M., Lawrence P.J. and Filippidis L., Fire and Materials, v23, 6, pp383-389,Nov-Dec 1999.

2. An Aircraft Accident Database of Human Experience in Evacuation Derived from Aviation Accident Reports, Owen M., Galea E.R., Lawrence P.J. and Filippidis L., Fire and Materials, pp363-369, Nov-Dec 1999.

3. A Review of the Methodologies used in the Computer Simulation of Evacuation from the Built Environment, S Gwynne, E R Galea, P J Lawrence, M Owen, L Filippidis, Building and Environment Vol. 34, pp 741-749, 1999.

4. Adaptive Decision Making in Response to Crowd Formations in buildingEXODUS, S Gwynne, E R Galea, P Lawrence, M Owen, L Filippidis, Journal of Applied Fire Science, Vol. 8 (4), pp 265-289, 1999.

1998

1. An Investigation of the Aspects of Occupant Behaviour Required for Evacuation Modelling, S Gwynne, E Galea, M Owen, P Lawrence, Journal of Applied Fire Science, Vol. 8(1), pp 19-59, 1998-99. ISSN 1044-4300.

2. A Systematic Comparison of Model Predictions Produced by the buildingEXODUS Evacuation Model and the Tsukuba Pavilion Evacuation Data, S Gwynne, E Galea, P Lawrence, M Owen, L Filippidis, Applied Fire Science, Vol. 7, No.3, pp 235-266, 1998. ISSN 1044-4300.

3. The Numerical Simulation of Aircraft Evacuation and its Application to Aircraft Design and Certification, M Owen, E Galea, P Lawrence, L Filippidis, The Aeronautical Journal, pp 301 – 312 June/July, 1998.

4. AASK - Aircraft Accidents Statistics and Knowledge: a Database of Human Experience in Evacuation, Derived from Aviation Accident Reports, M Owen, E Galea, P Lawrence, L Filippidis, The Aeronautical Journal, August/September, 1998, pp 353-363.

1996

1. The EXODUS Model, E Galea, M Owen, P Lawrence. Fire Engineering Journal, July 1996, pp.26-30.

2. The EXODUS Evacuation Model Applied to Building Evacuation Scenarios, M Owen, E Galea, P Lawrence. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 1996, Vol.8(2), pp 65-86.

3. Computer Modelling of Human behaviour in aircraft fire accidents. E R Galea, M Owen and P Lawrence. Toxicology 115 (1996), pp. 63-78, Publ. Elsevier.

1994

1. Mesh Generation by Domain Bisection PhD dissertation, September 1994, University of Greenwich, London UK.

1991

1. Development of an Automatic Three Dimensional Mesh Generator, P.J. Lawrence, M. Cross and M G Ecerett, CFD News, Volume 2, Number 2, September 1991, Pages 8-14.

2. Software Tools for Aspects of Computational Modelling Codes for Materials Processing, Mathematical Modelling for Materials Processing, September 1991. Edited by M.Cross, J.F.T Pittman & R.D.Wood, Pages 529-538. (with M.Cross, M.G.Everett & J.B.Jones)