'Paradoxography' is the name now given to a genre of ancient – mostly Greek – literature describing various marvels of the natural and human worlds, which had its origins in the Hellenistic world. The earliest writings date to the third century BCE, with a work of Callimachus that survives only in quotations by the slightly later Antigonus.
Most paradoxographical texts were reasonably sober, if rather trivial, compilations of striking instances from authorities such as Aristotle or Herodotus: a sort of 'Ripley's Believe It Or Not' of the Graeco–Roman world. A few were more sensationalist in nature: monstrous births, ghosts, and the wilder reaches of ethnographic and historical works in the style of Ctesias rather than Herodotus.
Interim translations from other sources:
* Hett's Loeb translation (public domain)
** First chapter, plus link to Hansen's translation on ToposText for Ch. 2–35
The primary purpose of the site is to provide English versions of the paradoxographical texts in one place, for the benefit of readers without access to academic libraries and resources.
When this project was started, only three of these texts had been published in English translations: the pseudo-Aristotelian περὶ θαυμασίων ὰκουσμάτων (De mirabilius auscultationibus – On Marvellous Things Heard), in the Loeb Classical Library; Phlegon’s περὶ θαυμασὶων (On Marvels) and περὶ μακροβίων (On Long-lived Persons), made accessible through a translation with commentary by William Hansen; and the compilation of the anonymous Paradoxographus Vaticanus, with translation and commentary by Jacob Stern, which is not at all easy of access. Antigonus' ἱστοριῶν παραδόξων συναγωγή (Collection of Marvellous Accounts) seems to have been translated with commentary as a PhD thesis by I.R. Ciuca, but this has not been made public.
Since then, a major volume edited by Stefan Schorn has provided translations and commentary on paradoxographical writing of the Roman Imperial period and the works of undated authors. This book is, however, very expensive and thus unlikely to find its way to the curious lay reader at whom this site is aimed.
My translations are based primarily on earlier public-domain critical editions of the texts, emended on occasion in the light of more recent scholarship. It should be stated at the outset that these translations fill the gaps in the literature in the manner of sand-bags rather than dressed stone: they have their origin in reference versions put together as an aid to private study. Nonetheless, in the continuing absence of scholarly English translations of the complete corpus in open-access form, it seems useful to release them into the wild as they are.
The first work translated was that of Antigonus, since it is the most substantial of the paradoxographical texts that has not yet been published in English. The remaining texts are being translated in turn, leaving till last the work of Phlegon, whose translation by Hansen is available in an affordable print edition, and the bulk of which is also available online at the ToposText website.
Hett's Loeb translation of Ps-Aristotle On Marvellous Things Heard is already in the public domain, and this will be reproduced pretty much as it stands, with occasional emendation to reflect decisions relating to the Greek text.
This site can make no claim to be an authoritative resource; however, I hope that it will prove to be of some use, particularly to readers with little or no Greek—at least, until something better comes along.
All sources used will be credited; if you feel that any of the material used has been insufficiently acknowledged, please let me know via the comments section and I will make any necessary amendments.
It would have been impossible to create this site without drawing on material made publicly available by its creators. In a similar spirit, whatever you find on this site is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons 'Free Culture' Attribution-ShareAlike licence. This means that you can use and re-purpose original material on this site in any way you wish, on condition only that you acknowledge me and this site as source and, if you are using it for commercial purposes, that access to content taken from this site remains free and accessible to all.
n.b. Please note that more restrictive conditions may apply to featured non-public domain open-access sources drawn on in creating the site: always check the original permissions if in doubt.
A very paradoxographical-looking beast from Kongelige Bibliotek, Gl. kgl. S. 1633 4º, Folio 50r, via The Medieval Bestiary