Uri Davidovich, Naomi Porat, Yuval Gadot, Yoav Avni and Oded Lipschits (2012)
Dating terraces, the most prominent feature of the agricultural landscape in many parts of the world, is a problem for archaeologists. This study presents an interdisciplinary approach that combines archaeological survey and excavations with direct sediment dating of terrace fill using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The study focuses on Ramat Rahel, a multi-period site located in the southern outskirts of modern Jerusalem, Israel, where, on a defined terraced slope chosen for a small-scale landscape archaeology project, three main phases of terrace construction and use were identified. The earliest phase dates to the Late Byzantine/Early Islamic period, the second to medieval times, and the lastto the Ottoman period.
The results enable a comprehensive reconstruction of the changing local landscape through time and demonstrate the validity of OSL, when combined with archaeological investigations, as a reliable method for terrace dating.
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Ido Rosental. (2013, Hebrew)
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מדרגות חקלאיות, טרסות, מהוות את האמצעי המסורתי היעיל ביותר לעיבוד חקלאי בשטחים הרריים ברחבי העולם. חוקרים רבים מצביעים על תפקידן החשוב של המדרגות במניעת הבעייה המחריפה של סחף קרקע. צורת עיבוד מסורתית זו הולכת ונעלמת מנופי הארץ ביתר שאת במחצית המאה האחרונה וזאת לצד העליה העולמית והמקומית בהכרת חשיבותה כנוף תרבות.
כיום, עוסקים בשימור המדרגות החקלאיות בארץ מספר מצומצם יחסית של אנשים אשר לא לכולם הידע המסורתי שהיה קיים בידי החקלאים ושעבר מפה לאוזן לאורך הדורות. עבודה זו הינה נסיון ראשוני לקבץ ולהשלים את הידע המסורתי על אופן הבנייה והשיקום, ידע "בסכנת הכחדה" אשר רובו לא נחקר ולא עלה על הכתב מעולם.
השאלות המרכזיות בעבודה סבבו סביב קיומה או אי קיומה של מדרגה חקלאית "אחידה" בתחום הים תיכוני של ארץ ישראל וביכולת לגבש כללים ברורים לבנייה, שימור ושיקום של מדרגה חקלאית מסורתית ברת קיימא.
שיטות המחקר כללו ראיונות עם משמרים אשר לחלקם רקע כחקלאים וסקרי שטח של מדרגות חקלאיות. תפוצת המדרגות באזור הים תיכוני בישראל נבדקה ע"י סריקה של תצלומי אויר.
מן המחקר עולה כי ישנן שיטות שונות להקמת המדרגות החקלאיות אך אין בכך כדי לסתור את טענתם של חוקרים אחרים כי המדרגות בארץ דומות. במסגרת המחקר גובשו מספר עקרונות מוסכמים לבנייה, שימור ושיקום של מדרגות חקלאיות, אך לא ניתן, במסגרת עבודה זו, לקבוע אילו מן השיטות הינה בת-קיימא.
Building and repairing Dry Stone Walls
Translation by Bnaya Binun (2013, Hebrew)
from TROCKEN MAUERN
Anleitung für den Bau und die Reparatur Stiftung Umwelt-Einsatz Schweiz
by Richard Tufnell, Frank Rumpe, Alain Ducommun, Marianne Hassenstein
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קירות אבן וטרסות בבנייה יבשה הם עדיין חלק משמעותי מהנוף באזורים הרריים. אולם, קירות האבן האלה נמצאים בסכנת הכחדה. אם לא יטפלו בהם ויתחזקו אותם, הם יתמוטטו ויעלמו מהנוף. זה יקרה לאט, אבל בטוח.במשך מאות בשנים, ועד שנות החמישים של המאה ה20, נהגו איכרים לבנות, לתחזק ולתקן קירות אבן וטרסות בבנייה יבשה. הם עשו זאת בעונות הרגועות של השנה, כאשר העבודה בשדה פחתה.
עם התפתחות החקלאות המתועשת הפסיקו החקלאים לתחזק ולתקן את קירות האבן ואת הטרסות. עם השנים, גם המסורת עתיקת היומין של בנייה באבן יבשה נשכחה ואבדה. התהליך הזה יש לו תוצאה בלתי נמנעת: הקירות והטרסות בבנייה יבשה מתפוררים ונהרסים לאיטם, וסופם להעלם מהנוף. הספרון הזה אמור לשמש כלי עזר שימושי בבנייה ותחזוקה של קירות האבן והטרסות בבנייה יבשה.
Age determination of Petra’s engineered landscape optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon ages of runoff terrace systems in the
Eastern Highlands of Jordan
Brian Beckers, Brigitta Schütt, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Manfred Frechen (2012)
The unfavourable mountainous environment of the Petra region in southern Jordan was modified by ancient engineers to supply the Nabataean/Roman city of Petra with food and water. The area was reclaimed by installing extended runoff terrace systems and hydraulic structures. The agricultural terrace systems have so far been dated based on surface pottery, and the chronology of the systems is under debate. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating techniques were successfully applied to date these terrace systems. Samples were taken from the fills of agricultural terraces and underneath their walls to determine the chronology of the construction, use and abandonment
of the agricultural terraces. The results suggest that runoff farming in the Petra region started around the beginning of the Common Era, and construction, use and maintenance lasted at least until 800 AD.
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Amanda Henck, James Taylor, Hongliang Lu, Yongxian Li, Qingxia Yang, Barbara Grub, Sara Jo Breslow, Alicia Robbins, Andrea Elliott, Tom Hinckley, Julie Combs, Lauren Urgenson, Sarah Widder, Xinxin Hu, Ziyu Ma, Yaowu Yuan, Daijun Jian, Xun Liao, Ya Tang. (2008)
Small, irregular terraces on hillslopes, or terracettes, are common landscape features throughout west central China. Despite their prevalence, there is limited understanding of the nature of these topographic features, the processes that form them, and the role humans played in their formation. We used an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the geology, ecology, and cultural history of terracette development within Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China. Terracettes occur on south facing, 20° slopes at 2500 m elevation, which appears to coincide with places people historically preferred to build villages. Ethnographic interviews suggest that traditional swidden agricultural cycles removed tree roots, causing the loess sediments to lose cohesion, slump, and the terrace risers to retreat uphill over time. This evidence is supported by landslide debris at terracette faces. Archaeological analysis of terracette sites reveal remains of rammed spread soil structures, bones, stone tools, and ceramics dating from at least 2200 years before present within a distinct paleosol layer. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating of terracette sediments ranged in age from between 1500 and 2000 14C yr BP and between 16 and 0.30 ka, respectively.
These multiple lines of evidence indicate a long history of human habitation within Jiuzhaigou National Park and, taken together, suggest strong links between terracette formation and human–landuse interactions.
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TT-OSL dating of Longyadong Middle Paleolithic site and paleoenvironmental implications for hominin occupation in Luonan Basin (central China)
Xuefeng Sun, Huayu Lu, Shejiang Wang, Shuangwen Yi, Chen Shen, Wenchao Zhang (2012)
Dating middle Pleistocene hominin occupations alongside the reconstruction of paleoenvironments in China between 700 and 100 ka has always been a challenging task. In this paper, we report thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) dating results for a Middle Paleolithic site in the Luonan Basin, central China, which we have named Longyadong Cave. The results suggest that the age of cave infilling and the deposition of sediments outside the cave range between 389±18 and 274±14 ka. These deposits are tratigraphically and geochronologically correlated with the L4 loess and S3 paleosol units of the typical loess–paleosol sequence of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and with Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 10 to 9, respectively. On the basis of these new ages and the available paleoenvironmental data, it is suggested that the Longyadong hominins might have occupied the site both in glacial and interglacial periods, demonstrating
that they coped well with environmental change in this mountainous region in warm/wet and cold/dry climates. The study further implies that the hominins abandoned the Longyadong Cave between 274±14 and 205±19 ka, when it was sealed by alluvial and slope deposits.
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Naomi Porat, Uzi Avner, Assaf Holzer, Rahamim Shemtov, & Liora Kolska Horwitz (2013)
Stone-built installations known as ‘leopard traps’ are found throughout the deserts of the Middle East. They have generally been considered to be recent in date, and to have been built by Bedouin or other local communities to trap carnivores that threatened their flocks. But how much older might they be? Survey in the hyper-arid ‘Uvda Valley of the southern Negev Desert in Israel discovered 23 ‘leopard traps’, 19 of them clustered in a relatively small area. This study describes the architecture and function of these structures and presents the first optically
stimulated luminescence ages for two of them.
These results demonstrate that the traps are ancient and were already in use before the late fourth millennium BC, not long after the adoption of herding by the desert dwellers.
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Byzantine–Early Islamic agricultural systems in the Negev Highlands: Stages of development as interpreted through OSL dating.
Gideon Avni, Naomi Porat, Yoav Avni (2013)
An extensive survey followed by OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) dating of loess accumulation in agricultural terraces at six Byzantine and Early Islamic sites in the Negev Highlands revealed clear stratigraphic and chronological sequences. Traditionally dated to the 1st–7th centuries A.D., results from the present study demonstrate that the construction and use of large scale agricultural systems took place in the 4th–11th centuries A.D. This new chronology provides the framework for a more precise interpretation of the circumstances of construction and demise of large scale agriculture in the Negev Highlands. The agricultural fields were exploited continuously, yet ancient farmers had to confront the environmental
hazards of occasional intensive floods, successive years of drought, and a constant process of loess accumulation and erosion. The constant maintenance and repair of fields necessitated an investment of labor. However, it seems that the expansion of ancient agriculture was part of the natural growth and development of Byzantine settlements in the Negev, and not the outcome of planned government enterprise. The agricultural systems were abandoned in the course of the 11th century A.D. and sporadically reused by pastoral nomads.
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Luminescence Dating Work from the Heidelberg Group: A key Technology in Geoarchaeology.
G.A. Wagner & A. Kadereit (2010)
Geoarchaeology is a growing discipline in archaeological science. It aims at the natural environment as context of past human societies and at the interaction between both, the environment and man as part of a joint ecosystem. This topic is also of considerable concern of present societies. Like other historic sciences, geoarchaeology requires accurate chronologies. Since one deals in geoarchaeology predominantly with sediments and rocks, luminescence methods play a key role. This is demonstrated in two case studies from Phlious in southern Greece and Nasca in southern Peru. The results show clearly climatically triggered social developments and feedbacks to the environment.
Luminescence Dating Guidelines on using luminescence dating in archaeology English Heritage (2008)
What these guidelines cover
* an introduction to luminescence dating.* a summary of the variety of luminescence methods available.* a description of the options available for estimating the radiation dose rate at a site.* practical advice about the collection of samples.* a summary of the information that should be provided by laboratories. * undertaking luminescence measurements, and about how luminescence ages should be quoted. * case studies illustrating different applications of luminescence dating, and the results that can be obtained.View full text article
Soil and Sediment Chronology as a Tool to Study Long-term Natural and Human-induced Land Degradation: An Overview. Iraj Emadodin, et al. (2011).
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