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1. MODULAR DESIGN CONCEPTS
(i) Functional Independence: The concept of functional independence is a direct outgrowth of modularity and the concepts of abstraction and information hiding.
The principle of information hiding suggests that modules be “characterized by design decisions that (each) hides from all others”. In other words modules should be specified and designed so that information (procedure and data) contained within a module is inaccessible to other modules that have no need for such information. Hiding implies that effective modularity can be achieved by defining a set of independent modules that communicate with one another only that information necessary to achieve software function. Abstraction helps to define the procedure entities that make up the software. As data and procedure are hidden from other parts of the software inadvertent errors introduced during modification are less likely to propagate to other locations within the software.Functional independence is achieved by developing modules with “single-minded” function and an “aversion” to excessive interaction with other modules.
Advantages: Independent modules are easier to maintain (and test) because secondary effects caused by design or code modification are limited, error propagation is reduced, and reusable modules are possible.Thus with taking utmost care of this concept we have maintained functional independence in our project ONLINE AUCTION at some extent that required interaction among different modules is maintained.
(ii) Cohesion: Cohesion of a module represents how tightly bound the internal elements of the module are to one another. Cohesion of a module gives the designer an idea about whether the different elements of a module belong together in the same module.
(iii) Coupling: Coupling is a measure of interconnection among modules in a software structure. Coupling depends on the interface complexity between modules, the point at which entry or reference is made to a module, and what data pass across the interface. In software design, we strive for lowest possible coupling. Simple connectivity among modules results in software that is easier to understand and less prone to a “ripple effect” when errors occur at one location and propagate through a system.
Data coupling: Data coupling means simple argument list (data) is passed and a one to one correspondence exists. A variation of data coupling is found when a portion of a data structure rather than simple arguments is passed via a module interface.
Control coupling: When a “control flag” (a variable that controls decisions in a subordinate or super ordinate module) is passed between modules.
External coupling: It is a relatively high level of coupling occurs when modules are tied to an environment external to software.
Common coupling: When a number of modules reference a global data area. In ONLINE AUCTION we have maintained the use of global data but restricted ourselves against the common consequences of this coupling.
Content coupling: The highest degree of coupling, content coupling occurs when one module makes use of data or control information maintained within the boundary of another module. Secondarily, content coupling occurs when branches are made into the middle of a module. As this type of coupling makes software complex so in ONLINE AUCTION we have tried our best to avoid such coupling.
As the cohesion and coupling are clearly related. Usually the greater the cohesion of each module in a system, the lower the coupling between modules is. So we have maintained a balance between these two engineering concepts.
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