(a)Describe the functions of the main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum, anus.
(b) Describe the locations and processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food.
(c)Describe peristalsis as a series of rhythmic wave-like contractions of the muscles to mix and propel the contents of the alimentary canal.
(d)Describe digestion in the alimentary canal by identifying the enzymes (e.g. amylase, maltase, pepsin, trypsin, erepsin and lipase) involved, the substrates and the products formed.
(e)Describe the internal structure of the ileum as a surface consisting of folds. Each fold bears numerous villi.
(f) Describe the structure of a villus as a finger-like structure consisting of a lacteal well-surrounded by blood capillaries. An epithelium separates the intestinal contents from the lacteal and blood capillaries.
(g) State the function of the hepatic portal vein.
(h) State the different roles of the liver.
(i) describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol and its social implications.