CHI 231 & 233
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
http://sites.google.com/site/markcasida/home/chi-120-orga
Last update: Thursday 4 May 2023
This page was created by MEC and all errors should be solely attributed to MEC.
Latest updates:
Sunday 14 January 2023: I start working on updating this page for the new year!
Monday 9 January 2023: I now have my teaching assignment for this coming semester.
CHI 231, TD BCH-INT, TP BCH-INT b and PCM-INT b
CHI 235, TD BIO-INT
Table of Contents (click on a subject line to go to that section)
Extensive use of Moodle is used in this course --- for information sharing, 3D rotatable images of molecules needed to do TD exercises, and sometimes even for official exams (as was the case last year!) Make sure that you can log in to this site: Moodle CHI 231
TEAM 23x
Sébastien CARRET
Course Coordinator (Résponsable de CHI 201/231)
Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité en Chimie Organique (SERCO)
Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM)
Tel: 0476635986
sebastien.carret@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
Bernard BESSIÈRES
CHI 231 Course Lectures (CM CHI 231)
Laboratoire de Synthèse et Réactivité en Chimie Organique (SERCO)
Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM)
bernard.bessieres@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
Mark E. Casida (MEC)
CHI 231 BIO-INT and CHB-INT Discussion Sections (TDs) and Labs (TPs)
Professeur, chimie théorique
Laboratoire de Spectrométrie, Interactions et Chimie Théorique (SITh)
Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM)
Tél: 04.76.63.56.28
COURSE ORGANIZATION
This course consists of 15 lectures (CMs), 13 discussion sections (TDs), and 2 labs (TPs). All three groups (BIO/SV-INT, CHB/CeB-INT, and PCM-INT) attend the lectures. Each group has its own TDs. For the TPs, each group is divided into two subgroups (A and B) which do the same labs but at different times.
The course covers:
Stoechimetry and equilibria
Coordination complexes
Chemical structure (isomers) and how structures are represented
Electronic effects
Intermolecular forces
Organic chemical reactions (substitution and elimination)
Additional information regarding how the contents of a North American General Chemistry course is distributed among courses here in France may be found below in the section "Is CHI 231 really General Chemistry?"
LECTURES
2022-2023
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| WEEK: 3 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2020-2021
CM: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Wed. 18 January 2023, 15h15-16h45, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We made a recap about the stoichiometry and the extent of the reaction with the formula to find n(i) for the product and for the reagent. We made also a recap on the reaction quotient with the introduction of the name "chemical activity". And finally we have seen how do we find the sense of the reaction
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CM: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 20 January 2023, 8h00-9h30, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We went until the predominance diagram. We saw the 3 different models for an acid and give some examples for each, we also the all the formula to find the pH, the concentration in [H(3)O+], the Ka, the pKa and we derived the formula of the pH depending on the pKa. We also saw the Kw and the pKw and how to know if we have a strong acid, a strong base, a weak acid or a weak base.
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| WEEK: 4 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2022-2023
CM: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 26 January 2023, 15h15-16h45, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We have seen the Gamma rule, the expression of the total Ka depending on the Ka of the species in the reaction. We explain the oxidation number and learn a method to calculate it in the different circonstances : neutral single compound, ion single compound and polyatomic compound.
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CM: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 27 January 2023, 8h00-9h30, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We were on the detailed method to find the final equation of reduction. We defined the complexes, the Lewis acid and the Lewis base. We made a link also between the metal, the ligands and the Lewis complex.
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| WEEK: 5 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2022-2023
CM: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 26 January 2023, 15h15-16h45, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
we saw the different name of the blocks in the periodic table. We also detailled the electronegativity of some : Metal, Poor Metal and non Metal. We also did the most stable cations for alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal
We also explained some properties of the d Block as the magnetic properties due to unpaired electron (paramagnetic vs diamagnetic) and we expressed the magnetic moment. He gave us the formula with the Bohr Magnetron value and unit
We saw how to name the complexes. First we started with the chemical formula of a complex, the order depending if it is a salt, if we add a cation or an anion and also the order of the ligands depending on their first letter. We saw the exception name of the H20, CO and NH3. We detailled the name when it is a anion, when it's neutral and when we have several similar ligands
We learned how to find the same of the complex when one gives us the formula
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CM: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 27 January 2023, 8h00-9h30, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We also saw the different type of ligands. What the coordination number refers to The condition to form a coordination bond The name of the ligand when we have 1 bond and when we have 2 : monodentate and bidentate The Hapticity: to what it corresponds and how to understand it, how to find it
Finally we saw the geometry of the complexes CN=4 with square plannar and tetrahedral geometry, with trans and cis isomers and for the tetrahedral the enantiomers We also saw the octahedral complex with 2 similar ligands and 3 similar ligands
We ended the course by talking about the Madelung's rule, the Molecular Orbital theory and the Atomic Orbital and the hybridization
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| WEEK: 8 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2022-2023
CM: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 26 February 2023, 15h15-16h45, DLST-Amphi F
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
We have seen the definition of Kd and pKd with their purpose. Also to know the sense of the equation. We had a few recap of the strength of M-L bond, covalent bond and ionic bond. We have seen internal exchanges and exchanges between ligands (just to keep in mind that the complex is dynamic. We have started the chapter 3 with the 2D drawing of molecule: molecular formula, structural formula, semi-condensed formula, condensed formula and bond-line formula. About the 3D representation we have only seen the Solid/Hashed wedge representation
We have already seen the Fischer representation in bio, but not in chi231 and I do not remember that I have already seen the Newman representation
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| WEEK: 16 |
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2022-2023
CM: ??
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Friday 22 April 2023
COVERED:
From Sarah Bellir:
I. Electronic features of bonds Polarity : the influence of the symmetry of a molecule on the distribution of the electron cloud and we talked about the dipole moment Polarizability of a bond : link between the distortion of the electron cloud and the creation of a dipole moment, the formula of the dipole moment, if Z increases the polarizability increases too, multiple bonds are more polarized than simple bonds ( double bond > simple bond)
II. Electronic effect in molecule EDG and EWG definition Inductive effect : exists for sigma-bonds and based on the electronegativity, -I and +I defintition with a scale to classify which element is -I or +I and the effect of a multiple carbon chain on the inductive effect on a molecule ( we have taken as example the bromobutane) Resonance effect : only for pi-bonds and lone pair, the characteristics of a conjugated system, +M and -M definition and some examples , resonance effect> inductive effect, the more the the conjugated base is stable, the more acidic will be the molecule.
2020-2021
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| WEEK: 3 |
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2020-2021
CM: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 18 January 2021
COVERED:
From Marine CHB-INT:
We stopped right before starting acid/base and redox reaction I think!
so we basically did I) chemical reaction and II) equilibrium and direction of reaction
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CM: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 22 January 2021
COVERED:
From Manon:
We did acid-base reactions !
We stopped at the equilibrium of "pure" H2O
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| WEEK: 4 |
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2020-2021
CM: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 25 January 2021
COVERED:
From Oscar and Thais:
We got as far as the gamma rule to figure out which compounds react to give what products
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CM: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 29 January 2021
COVERED:
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| WEEK: 5 |
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2020-2021
CM: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 1 February 2021
COVERED:
From Thaïs:
before you ask we started the Chap2
From Daphnée:
structure and properties of coordination complexes
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CM: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 5 February 2021
COVERED:
From Thaïs:
We did II. Noming complex 2) Naming complexes
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| WEEK: 6 |
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2020-2021
CM: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 12 February 2021
COVERED:
From Thaïs:
We stopped to V. Electron structures, 2) Crystal field theory but we skipped IV.
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| WEEK: 7 |
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Winter Break
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| WEEK: 8 |
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2020-2021
CM: 7
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 26 February 2021
COVERED:
From Michela:
We worked: until representation of organic molecules and we stoped at the condensed formula
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| WEEK: 9 |
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2020-2021
CM: 8
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 5 March 2021
COVERED:
From Oscar:
We got as far as the Fischer representation, we didn't have time to start the fischer represeentation though
From Manon:
Isomers and Newmann projection. We stopped at Newmann projection actually.
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| WEEK: 10 |
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2020-2021
Midterm Exam week (no lecture)
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| WEEK: 11 |
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2020-2021
CM: 9
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 19 March 2021
COVERED:
From Yassine:
We have started talking about conformation and configuration, we have seen the conformers and stopped at the case of cyclohexane.
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| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2020-2021
CM: 10
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 26 March 2021
COVERED:
From Thaïs:
We stopped to Configuration of C*.
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| WEEK: 13 |
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2020-2021
CM: cancelled
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 2 April 2021
COVERED:
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| WEEK: 14 |
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2020-2021
CM: 11
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 9 April 2021
COVERED:
From Romane:
We went through the part of the electronic characteristics of bonds and the electronic effects (we did both inductive and resonance effects.) It was fast but really well explained!
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CM: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: over the weekend 10-11 April 2021
COVERED:
Listen to a pre-recorded French lecture on intermolecular forces
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| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2020-2021
CM: 13
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 12 April 2021
COVERED:
more on intermolecular forces (if necessary) + beginning of reactivity, with Sébastien CARRET
From Yassine:
He explained until catalysis
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 16 |
+-----------------------------------------+
SPRING BREAK
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2020-2021
CM: 14
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Monday 26 April 2021
COVERED:
From Daphnée:
We finished (Sn2 and) Sn1 reactions
From Claire:
but we will probably add an extra time slot after friday
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CM: 15
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Friday 30 April 2021
COVERED:
From Thaïs:
We stopped at Stereochemistry of SN1 / SN2
we only have done for SN1
Bernard said that he was quite sure that he will have the time to finish the course by Monday
From Claire:
1) Yes, time slot = Monday, 5pm
2) SN2 reactivity (CH3X > RCH2X > R2CHX > R3CX) yes we talk about that
SN1 reactivity (R3CX > R2CHX > RCH2X > CH3X) yes we talk about that even we were not told about the solvant but the stability of the formed carbocation
3) No discussion about elimination at all
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| WEEK: 18 |
+-----------------------------------------+
2020-2021
CM: 16
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Monday 26 April 2021
COVERED:
From Claire:
We finished the course : E1 and E2 + the last details about stereochemistry in SN2
DISCUSSION SECTIONS
2022-2023
2022-2023 TD BCH-INT
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| WEEK: 4 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.01.26 9h45-11h15 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I. Reactions -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 1 --- preparing a solution of NH3
I had a student do this at the board.
Ex. 2 --- dissolution reactions
(2) I sent students to the board to balance these reactions.
(1) The difficulty here is knowing the identities of the cations and anions. When you the nomenclature handout, there will be a list of cations and anions to memorize that will help considerably.
Ex. 3 --- limiting reaction problem (combustion)
I assigned
Ex. 4 --- another extent of the reaction problem
as homework, not to be turned in (I will send out a correction.)
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 5 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.02.26 9h45-11h15 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I gave a minilecture, reviewing certain concepts:
pX = -log X , X = 10^{-pX}
Standard states and activities
Equlibrium constants
Acid/base theories: Arrhenius, Lowry-Brønsted, Lewis
H(+)aq = H3O(+)aq = H5O2(+)aq makes Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted equivalent in water
pKw = 14 = pH + pOH
When to calculate pH directly and when to calculate pH from pOH
Ex. 5 --- strong acids and bases (done by students at board)
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| WEEK: 6 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 2023.02.26 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B220
COVERED:
I did
Ex. 6 --- predominance diagram for H3PO4
This was in reality a lecture on the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, where acids and bases dominate, and on how buffers work (including Le Châtelier's principle).
I then explained the ''gamma rule'' in two ''American'' ways and then in the ''French'' way.
Ex. 7 --- gamma rule
was done by students at the board but it was too rushed.
Homework (not to be turned in): Exercises 7 and 8.
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| WEEK: 8 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 2023.02.23 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I did
II. Redox Reactions
Ex. 1. Oxidation numbers
Ex. 2. Balancing redox reactions
I also went over the gamma rule for redox reactions.
Homework (not to be turned in): Finish Ex. 3 and do Ex. 4 ''Hydrogen Peroxide.''
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| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
Stereochemistry TD/TP
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.02.28 13h15-17h15 DLST-TP C015
COVERED:
This 4 hour lab is both long and short enough that it can be difficult to cover everything. We managed to cover the following topics more or less well:
o conformers versus stereoisomers (enantiomers and diastereomers)
o conformers of cyclobutane
o symmetry planes and centers of inversion
o R & S and CIP rules
o Fischer projections with one asymmetric carbon
o Fischer projections with two asymmetric carbons
o Z & E diastereomers
o boat and chair for cyclohexane
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.02 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I went over basic concepts having to do with metal complexes: the central metal atom is a Lewis acid, the ligands are bases, ligand-metal bonds are relatively strong coordinate covalent (aka dative) bonds, coordination number of the central atom, monodentate ligands, bidentate ligands, etc. Then we did
III. Complexes
III.1. Recognizing and classifying ligands
III.2. Nomenclature in inorganic chemistry (first half only)
The second half of Ex. III.2 was assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 10 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.09 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
The DLST was blocked but we found a room in chemistry and were able to do the TD anyway (with 3 students participating at a distance). We did
III. Complexes
III.3. Isomerism
III.4. Crystal Field Theory
Exercises III.5 and III.6 were assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
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| WEEK: 11 |
+-----------------------------------------+
Midterm Exam Week
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 7
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 2023.03.24 11h30-15h00 CHIMIE 110B
COVERED:
The mouvement sociale continues to make things difficult but we are managing. We did:
(1) the stereochemistry quiz
(2) returned the corrected midterm exams
(3) explained how final exam expectations will most likely remain unchanged despite the mouvement sociale and may only mean that the students have to learn on their own without coming to class
Exercises IV.1 (hybridization state), IV.2 (oxidation numbers), and V.1 (butane conformers) were assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
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| WEEK: 13 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 8
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.30 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I returned the stereochemistry quiz. Then we did
V. Molecules --- nomenclature --- functional groups
V.2. molecules with 2 chiral carbons
V.3. Molecules with 3 chiral carbons
No homework was assigned.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 14 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 9
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 2023.04.03 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
We did
V. Molecules --- nomenclature --- functional groups
V.4. Molecule with 2 chiral carbons and one stereogenic double bond
V.5. Interconversion of different ways of representing the stereochemistry of different molecules
V.7. Drawing the molecule from the name.
Homework: Exercise V.6. Given the structure, then name the molecule.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
Easter Vacation
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 16 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 10
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 2023.04.17 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
First I gave a little introductory lecture about how we will be studying inductive effects and resonance effects in order to understand chemical reactivity and I gave a brief example of relative acidities. Then we did
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.1. partial charges
VI.2. +/-I
VI.3. resonance structures
No homework.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 11
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.04.25 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD E201
COVERED:
Resonance structure day and +/-M
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.3. simple conjugate systems
VI.4. +/-M
VI.5. more complicated conjugated systems
We did two of the molecules in class and the rest are assigned as homework.
Homework: Finish Ex. VI.5.
--------------------------------------------
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.04.27 9h45-11h15 CHIMIE 110 B
COVERED:
I lectured a bit on SN1 and SN2 (but not enough to replace the lecture, I think). Then we did:
VI. Electronic effects
VI.6.1. Carbocations
VI.7. order of pKa
Exercise VI.6.2 is left as homework.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 18 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 13
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.05.02 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD E201
COVERED:
VII. Reactivity
VII.1. reactivity of halegenated compounds in SN1 reactions
VII.2.1. SN2
VII.2.2. SN1
Although I had asked the students explicitly to listen to Bernard's prerecorded lecture on elimination
reactions, they told me that they had no time to do this. So I lectured on when a Lewis base is most likely to act as a nucleophile and when it is most likely to act as a Lowry-Brønsted base. We also did a bit with VII.2.3. E1, but I think I should come back to this on Thursday.
--------------------------------------------
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BCH-INT
TD: 14
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.05.04 9h45-11h15 CHIMIE 110 B
COVERED:
VII. Reactivity
VII.2.4. E1 Zeitsev's rule
VII.2.3. E2 antiperiplanar mecancism
VII.3. figuring out which mechanism will lead to what products
2022-2023 TD BIO-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 4 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.01.26 13h30-15h00 DLST-D003
COVERED:
I. Reactions -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 1 --- preparing a solution of NH3
I had a student do this at the board.
Ex. 2 --- dissolution reactions
(1) The difficulty here is knowing the identities of the cations and anions. When you the nomenclature handout, there will be a list of cations and anions to memorize that will help considerably.
(2) I sent students to the board to balance these reactions.
Ex. 3 --- limiting reaction problem (combustion)
I assigned
Ex. 4 --- another extent of the reaction problem
as homework, not to be turned in (I will send out a correction.)
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 5 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.02.02 13h30-15h00 DLST-D003
COVERED:
I gave a minilecture, reviewing certain concepts:
pX = -log X , X = 10^{-pX}
Standard states and activities
Equlibrium constants
Acid/base theories: Arrhenius, Lowry-Brønsted, Lewis
H(+)aq = H3O(+)aq = H5O2(+)aq makes Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted equivalent in water
pKw = 14 = pH + pOH
When to calculate pH directly and when to calculate pH from pOH
Ex. 5 --- strong acids and bases (done by students at board)
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 6 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 2023.02.06 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD B314
COVERED:
The students asked that I redo
Ex. 5.3 --- pH of a solution after mixing a strong acid and a strong base
So I did that and then I did
Ex. 6 --- predominance diagram for H3PO4
This was in reality a lecture on the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, where acids and bases dominate, and on how buffers work (including Le Châtelier's principle).
I then explained the ''gamma rule'' in two ''American'' ways and then in the ''French'' way.
Homework (not to be turned in): Exercises 7 and 8.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 8 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.02.24 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
I did
II. Redox Reactions
Ex. 1. Oxidation numbers
Ex. 2. Balancing redox reactions
I also went over the gamma rule for redox reactions.
Homework (not to be turned in): Finish Ex. 3 and do Ex. 4 ''Hydrogen Peroxide.''
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
Stereochemistry TD/TP
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.02.28 8h00-12h00 DLST-TP C015
COVERED:
This 4 hour lab is both long and short enough that it can be difficult to cover everything. We managed to cover the following topics more or less well:
o conformers versus stereoisomers (enantiomers and diastereomers)
o conformers of cyclobutane
o symmetry planes and centers of inversion
o R & S and CIP rules
o Fischer projections with one asymmetric carbon
o Fischer projections with two asymmetric carbons
o Z & E diastereomers
o boat and chair for cyclohexane
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.02 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
I went over basic concepts having to do with metal complexes: the central metal atom is a Lewis acid, the ligands are bases, ligand-metal bonds are relatively strong coordinate covalent (aka dative) bonds, coordination number of the central atom, monodentate ligands, bidentate ligands, etc. Then we did
III. Complexes
III.1. Recognizing and classifying ligands
III.2. Nomenclature in inorganic chemistry (first half only)
The second half of Ex. III.2 was assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 10 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.09 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
The DLST was blocked but we found a room in chemistry and were able to do the TD anyway (with 1 student participating at a distance). We did
III. Complexes
III.3. Isomerism
III.4. Crystal Field Theory
III.6. Puzzle Problem to Identify Compounds A and B
Exercises III.5 were assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 11 |
+-----------------------------------------+
Midterm exam week.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 7
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.24 9h45-11h15 CHIMIE 110B
COVERED:
The mouvement sociale continues to make things difficult but we are managing. We did:
(1) the stereochemistry quiz
(2) returned the corrected midterm exams
(3) explained how final exam expectations will most likely remain unchanged despite the mouvement sociale and may only mean that the students have to learn on their own without coming to class
Exercises IV.1 (hybridization state), IV.2 (oxidation numbers), and V.1 (butane conformers) were assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 13 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 8
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.03.30 13h30-15h00 DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
This was a complicated TD. I returned the stereochemistry quiz. There was some question regarding the correction of one of the problems so I did it on the board and discovered that the answer on the barême was incorrect. I then collected the stereochemistry quizzes for recorrection (sigh). Next we had to decide when to reschedule the next TD so as to avoid the National Strike next Thursday. Finally we did
V. Molecules --- nomenclature --- functional groups
V.2. Absolute configurations and representations of molecules with two chiral carbons
Exercises V.3 was assigned as homework, not to be turned in.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 14 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 9
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.04.08 11h30-13h00 CHIMIE 101/103B
COVERED:
We did
V. Molecules --- nomenclature --- functional groups
V.4. Molecule with 2 chiral carbons and one stereogenic double bond
V.5. Interconversion of different ways of representing the stereochemistry of different molecules
V.7. Drawing the molecule from the name.
Homework: Exercise V.6. Given the structure, then name the molecule.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
Easter Vacation
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 16 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 10
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Fri. 2023.04.21 11h30-13h00 CHIMIE 101/103B
COVERED:
First I gave a little introductory lecture about how we will be studying inductive effects and resonance effects in order to understand chemical reactivity and I gave a brief example of relative acidities. Then we did
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.1. partial charges
VI.2. +/-I
No homework.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 11
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.04.25 11h30-13h00 DLST B005
COVERED:
Resonance structure day and +/-M
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.3. simple conjugate systems
VI.4. +/-M
VI.5. more complicated conjugated systems
I did methylphenylamine in class and assigned the rest as homework.
Homework: Finish Ex. VI.5.
--------------------------------------------
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.04.27 13h30-15h00 CHIMIE 101/103B
COVERED:
I lectured a bit on SN1 and SN2 (but not enough to replace the lecture, I think). Then we did:
VI. Electronic effects
VI.6.1. Carbocations
VI.7. order of pKa
Exercise VI.6.2 is left as homework.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 18 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2023.05.02 11h30-13h00 DLST B005
COVERED:
VII. Reactivity
VII.1. reactivity of halegenated compounds in SN1 reactions
VII.2.1. SN2
VII.2.2. SN1
Although I had asked the students explicitly to listen to Bernard's prerecorded lecture on elimination
reactions, they told me that they had no time to do this. So I lectured on when a Lewis base is most likely to act as a nucleophile and when it is most likely to act as a Lowry-Brønsted base. We also did a bit with VII.2.3. E1, but I think I should come back to this on Thursday.
--------------------------------------------
CHI231d02 2022-2023 BIO-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 2023.05.04 11h30-13h00 CHIMIE 110B
COVERED:
VII. Reactivity
VII.2.4. E1 Zeitsev's rule
VII.2.3. E2 antiperiplanar mecancism
VII.3. figuring out which mechanism will lead to what products
VII.4. 2-methylpropan-2-ol + HCl --> 2-chloro-2-methylpropane + H2O
2021-2022
2021-2022 TD BCH/CeB-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 4 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 27 Jan. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
We did
--> I began by returning the CHI 131 xtal midterms and giving an overview of CHI 231. Then we did<---
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 1. Making a daughter solution from a parent solution.
Discussed using units to guide the calculation and also the concept of a dilution factor.
Ex. 2. Dissociation of salts + balancing reactions
Reviewed the importance of knowing commonly occuring anions and cations as well as strategies for balancing reactions.
---> interlude where I explain equilibrium constants and activities, as well as pH and Arrhenius versus Lowry-Brønsted theory <---
Ex. 3. Limiting reactant of combustion of ethane
Answered the question, ''What is a combustion reaction?'' How do you determine the limiting reaction.
--> interlude where I introduce the concept of activation energy and the effect of a catalyst <---
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 5 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 3 Feb. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
We did
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
--> I gave a minilecture on how to determine the limiting reagent <--
Ex. 4. Extent of reaction 4 KO2 + 2 CO2 --> 2 K2CO3 + 3 O2
--> I gave a minilecture on pH, pOH, pKw <--
Ex. 5. Calculations of pH of solutions with strong acids and bases
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 6 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 10 Feb. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
We did
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 6. Predominance diagram for phosphoric acid
--> I actually did this on Discord but I gave a quick review at the beginning of the TD anyway <--
Ex. 7. Gamma rule
--> I first discussed the gamma rule in excruciating detail and then did this problem <--
Ex. 8. Solutions at pH = 2.2
--> This problem really just applies things learned earlier <--
Next time we go on to redox!
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 7 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 17 Feb. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
We did
II. Redox Reactions
--> I explained about the stereochemistry lab that we will will do on Tuesday after the vacation. <--
--> I then gave a minilecture about formal charges and oxidation numbers. <--
Ex. 1. Oxidation numbers
--> I explained the half-reaction method for balancing redox reactions in detail <--
--> I went through standard reduction potentials and the gamma rule in detail <--
Homework (not to be turned in): Exercises 2 and 3.
We will start III. Complexes in TD when we come back from vacation.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 8 |
+-----------------------------------------+
VACANCES D'HIVER
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 3 Mar. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
First I asked the students for some keywords concerning complexes and so was able to collect some words such as Lewis acid/base, ligand, coordination number, oxidation number, ... That gave me a start. I then talked about the Lewis acid/base complex H3B <-- :NH3 and what it means to have a date or coordinate covalent bond. I then went on to discuss the case of [Fe(H2O)](2+) which is beautiful because it satisfies the 18 electron rule (though many complexes do not) and went through terminology. I also emphasized that ligand-metal bonds are typically strong covalent bonds.
III. Complexes
III.1. What makes a good ligand and how do you know if a ligand is monodentate, bidentate, tetradentate, ambidentate, etc.?
III.2. Nomenclature for ions and salts involving complexes.
I asked the students to prepare Ex. III.3 on isomers for next week.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 10 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 10 Mar. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
III. Complexes
III.3. Isomerism in metal complexes
III.4. Crystal (ligand) field theory diagrams
III.5. Color and the spectrochemical series
Assigned as homework (not to be turned in): III.6. A chemistry detective problem.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 11 |
+-----------------------------------------+
MIDTERM EXAMS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 7
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 24 Mar. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
1st, we had the stereochemistry test.
2nd, I returned the midterm exam.
3rd, we corrected the stereochemistry test.
Assigned as homework (not to be turned in): All of IV. Hybridization state.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 13 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 8
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 31 Mar. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
I returned the stereochemistry test. We then did:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.1.a. Conformations of C4H10
V.1.b. Conformations of trans-1-bromo-3-methylcyclohexane
V.2. Absolute configurations of different representations of HS-CH2-CHOH-CHNH2-CHO
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 14 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 9
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 4 Apr. 2022, 15h15-16h45, DLST-TD B006 NOTE CHANGE OF DAY
COVERED:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.3. arabinose
V.4. (CH3)2CHOHCHOHCH=CHCH2CH3
V.5. All except the cyclohexane structure, which is saved until next time.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 10
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Mon. 11 Apr. 2022, 15h15-16h45, DLST-TD B006 NOTE CHANGE OF DAY
COVERED:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.5. Discussed naming for the cyclohexane structure
V.6. Given the structure, then write the name.
V.7. Given the name, then write the structure.
I also gave a minilecture on electronic effects. Specifically I explained how induction and resonance could be used to explain relative pKa's of CH3-CH2-OH, CF3-CH2-OH, and CH2=CH-OH.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 16 |
+-----------------------------------------+
VACANCES DE PRINTEMPS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 11
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 26 Apr. 2022, 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD E201 EXTRA SESSION ADDED!
COVERED:
I began with a presentation of the mechanism for saponification and pointed out the role that induction and resonance plays in this mechanism. I was pleasantly surprised that this actually quite interested the students. We then went on to do
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.1. partial charges
VI.2. +I or -I ?
VI.3. resonance structures
VI.4. resonance effects
I also drew the resonance structures for Ph-NH-CH3 to help the students to prepare for next time.
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 28 Apr. 2022, 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005
COVERED:
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.5. resonance structures
VI.7. relative acidities of substituted phenols
I gave a minilecture on SN2 and SN1, including stereochemistry and the effect of alkly groups for stabilizing cations.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 18 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 13
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 3 May 2022, 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD E201 EXTRA SESSION ADDED!
COVERED:
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.6. Stability of Carbocation and of Carbanions
VII. Reactivity
VII.1. Relative SN1 Reactivity
VII.2. Nucleophilic Substitution vs Elimination
We did half of this last problem (products A and B). Much explanation was given along the way.
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231d02 2021-2022 BCH/CeB-INT
TD: 14
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 5 May 2022, 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B006
COVERED:
VII.1. Relative SN1 Reactivity
VII.2. Nucleophilic Substitution vs Elimination (products C and D)
VII.3. Reaction Types (all)
Good luck on your exams!
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 19 |
+-----------------------------------------+
DEADWEEK
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 20 |
+-----------------------------------------+
FINAL EXAMS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 21 |
+-----------------------------------------+
FINAL EXAMS
2021-2022 TD BIO/SV-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 4 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 27 Jan. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
We did
--> I began by returning the CHI 131 xtal midterms and giving an overview of CHI 231. Then we did<---
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 1. Making a daughter solution from a parent solution.
Discussed using units to guide the calculation and also the concept of a dilution factor.
Ex. 2. Dissociation of salts + balancing reactions
Reviewed the importance of knowing commonly occuring anions and cations as well as strategies for balancing reactions.
---> interlude where I explain equilibrium constants and activities, as well as pH and Arrhenius versus Lowry-Brønsted theory <---
Ex. 3. Limiting reactant of combustion of ethane
Answered the question, ''What is a combustion reaction?'' How do you determine the limiting reaction.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 5 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 3 Feb. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
We did
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
--> I gave a minilecture on how to determine the limiting reagent <--
Ex. 4. Extent of reaction 4 KO2 + 2 CO2 --> 2 K2CO3 + 3 O2
--> I gave a minilecture on pH, pOH, pKw <--
Ex. 5. Calculations of pH of solutions with strong acids and bases
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 6 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 3
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 10 Feb. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
We did
I. Reactions -- Reaction Extent -- Equilibrium -- Acid/Base
Ex. 6. Predominance diagram for phosphoric acid
--> I actually did this on Discord but I gave a quick review at the beginning of the TD anyway <--
Ex. 7. Gamma rule
--> I first discussed the gamma rule in excruciating detail and then did this problem <--
Ex. 8. Solutions at pH = 2.2
--> This problem really just applies things learned earlier <--
Next time we go on to redox!
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 7 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 4
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 10 Feb. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
We did
II. Redox Reactions
--> I explained about the stereochemistry lab that we will will do on Tuesday after the vacation. <--
--> I then gave a minilecture about formal charges and oxidation numbers. <--
Ex. 1. Oxidation numbers
--> I explained the half-reaction method for balancing redox reactions in detail <--
--> I went through standard reduction potentials and the gamma rule in detail <--
Homework (not to be turned in): Exercises 2 and 3.
We will start III. Complexes in TD when we come back from vacation.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 8 |
+-----------------------------------------+
VACANCES D'HIVER
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 5
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 3 Mar. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
First I asked the students for some keywords concerning complexes and so was able to collect some words such as Lewis acid/base, ligand, coordination number, oxidation number, ... That gave me a start. I then talked about the Lewis acid/base complex H3B <-- :NH3 and what it means to have a date or coordinate covalent bond. I then went on to discuss the case of [Fe(H2O)](2+) which is beautiful because it satisfies the 18 electron rule (though many complexes do not) and went through terminology. I also emphasized that ligand-metal bonds are typically strong covalent bonds.
III. Complexes
III.1. What makes a good ligand and how do you know if a ligand is monodentate, bidentate, tetradentate, ambidentate, etc.?
III.2. Nomenclature for ions and salts involving complexes.
I asked the students to prepare Ex. III.3 on isomers for next week.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 10 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 6
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 10 Mar. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
III. Complexes
III.3. Isomerism in metal complexes
III.4. Crystal (ligand) field theory diagrams
III.5. Color and the spectrochemical series
Assigned as homework (not to be turned in): III.6. A chemistry detective problem.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 11 |
+-----------------------------------------+
MIDTERM EXAMS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 7
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 24 Mar. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
1st, we had the stereochemistry test.
2nd, I returned the midterm exam.
3rd, we corrected the stereochemistry test.
Assigned as homework (not to be turned in): All of IV. Hybridization state.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 13 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 8
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 31 Mar. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
I returned the stereochemistry test. We then did:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.1.a. Conformations of C4H10
V.1.b. Conformations of trans-1-bromo-3-methylcyclohexane
V.2. Absolute configurations of different representations of HS-CH2-CHOH-CHNH2-CHO
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 14 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 9
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 7 Apr. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.3. arabinose
V.4. (CH3)2CHOHCHOHCH=CHCH2CH3
V.5. All except the cyclohexane structure, which is saved until next time.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 10
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 14 Apr. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
V. Molecules - nomenclature - functional groups
V.5. Discussed naming for the cyclohexane structure
V.6. Given the structure, then write the name.
V.7. Given the name, then write the structure.
I also gave a minilecture on electronic effects. Specifically I explained how induction and resonance could be used to explain relative pKa's of CH3-CH2-OH, CF3-CH2-OH, and CH2=CH-OH.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 16 |
+-----------------------------------------+
VACANCES DE PRINTEMPS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 11
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 26 Apr. 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005 ADDITIONAL TD
COVERED:
I began with a presentation of the mechanism for saponification and pointed out the role that induction and resonance plays in this mechanism. I was pleasantly surprised that this actually quite interested the students. We then went on to do
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.1. partial charges
VI.2. +I or -I ?
VI.3. resonance structures
VI.4. resonance effects
I also drew the resonance structures for Ph-NH-CH3 to help the students to prepare for next time.
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 12
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 28 Apr. 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.5. resonance structures
VI.7. relative acidities of substituted phenols
I gave a minilecture on SN2 and SN1, including stereochemistry and the effect of alkly groups for stabilizing cations.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 18 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 13
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 3 May 2022. 9h45-11h15, DLST-TD B005 ADDITIONAL TD
COVERED:
VI. Electronic Effects
VI.6. Stability of Carbocation and of Carbanions
VII. Reactivity
VII.1. Relative SN1 Reactivity
VII.2. Nucleophilic Substitution vs Elimination
We did half of this last problem (products A and B). Much explanation was given along the way.
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233d01 2021-2022 BIO/SV-INT
TD: 14
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 5 May 2022. 13h30-15h00, DLST-TD D003
COVERED:
VII.1. Relative SN1 Reactivity
VII.2. Nucleophilic Substitution vs Elimination (products C and D)
VII.3. Reaction Types (all)
Good luck on your exams!
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 19 |
+-----------------------------------------+
DEADWEEK
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 20 |
+-----------------------------------------+
FINAL EXAMS
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 21 |
+-----------------------------------------+
FINAL EXAMS
LABORATORY
For now, all we know is that the Labs (TP) will take place during weeks 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 18, but that each student will only be doing two labs and so will only have labs during two of those weeks (unless both labs are squeezed into a single week.)
2021-2022
2021-2021 TP BCH/CeB-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231p01 2020-2021 BCH/CeB-INT
TP: stereochemistry lab
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 1 Mar. 2022, 13h15-17h15, DLST-TP C020
COVERED:
This 4 hour "Lab" is a mandatory 4 hour cours-TD. It is difficult for the students and it is difficult for the teacher, especially towards the end as time and concentration run out. The BCH/CeB-INT group contains a large number of former medical students who have already seen a large amount of this material and who rushed on ahead much more rapidly than the others. Thus different parts of the group were advancing at very different rates and this created a complex teaching problem for me.
The hand out, which contains a few errors, is very much improved compared to previous years. It is pretty much self-contained. Nevertheless I preferred to give my own explanations of a number of things. This is what we did:
I. sigma bonding
I.A. I reviewed the valence-bond picture of sigma bonding. We did Newman projections for the different conformations of ethane. I discussed steric repulsion and the energy of the molecule as a function of the angle of rotation around the C-C bond.
I.B. I took time to discuss correct drawing of hash-wedge structures and how asymmetric carbons lead to nonsuperimposable molecules. I also talked about how interchanging any two groups around an asymmetric carbon inverts the configuration.
I.C. We went through symmetry elements (mirror planes and inversion centers). I explained why no molecule having a plane of symmetry can have an enantiomer. We stopped from time to time for students to do exercises and I tried to write all the answers on the board so that they could check their work.
I.D. I went through the definition of R and S and the trick of inverting R and S when the lowest priority group is in front rather than behind. I then went over the CIP rules in my own way with many examples. The hand-out is missing an important CIP rule, namely that the next most important branch must sometimes be followed when the most important branches are identical. This is actually needed actually for one of the exercises when assigning R and S to the different carbons in Ficher representations.
I.E. We went through D/L nomenclature and Fischer representations.
I.F. We then studied the compounds with 2 asymmetric carbons where the ideas of diastereomer and meso were introduced.
II. pi bonding
II.A. I reviewed the valence-bond picture of pi bonding and reminded the students of why rotation around a pi bond is energetically prohibitive.
II.B. We discussed cis/trans and Z/E nomenclature.
II.C. Boat and chair conformations of cyclohexane were discussed. This was done hurriedly at the end.
I am not sure that points II.B and II.C were properly absorbed by the students, simply because the explanation was hurried and the students were very tired.
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 12 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231p02 2020-2021 BCH/CeB-INT b
TP: Lab 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 22 Mar. 2022, 13h15-17h15, UFR de chimie, bêt. B, 1er étage labo 129-130
COVERED:
Subgroup b
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 15 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231p02 2020-2021 BCH/CeB-INT b
TP: Lab 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 12 Apr. 2022, 13h15-17h15, UFR de chimie, bêt. B, 1er étage labo 127
COVERED:
Subgroup b
2021-2022 TP BIO/SV-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 9 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI233p01 2020-2021 BIO/SV-INT
TP: stereochemistry lab
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 1 Mar. 2022, 8h00-1200, DLST-TP C020
COVERED:
This 4 hour "Lab" is a mandatory 4 hour cours-TD. It is difficult for the students and it is difficult for the teacher, especially towards the end as time and concentration run out. Individual student talents differ. As a result, different parts of the group were advancing at very different rates and this created a complex teaching problem for me.
The hand out, which contains a few errors, is very much improved compared to previous years. It is pretty much self-contained. Nevertheless I preferred to give my own explanations of a number of things. This is what we did:
I. sigma bonding
I.A. I reviewed the valence-bond picture of sigma bonding. We did Newman projections for the different conformations of ethane. I discussed steric repulsion and the energy of the molecule as a function of the angle of rotation around the C-C bond.
I.B. I took time to discuss correct drawing of hash-wedge structures and how asymmetric carbons lead to nonsuperimposable molecules. I also talked about how interchanging any two groups around an asymmetric carbon inverts the configuration.
I.C. We went through symmetry elements (mirror planes and inversion centers). I explained why no molecule having a plane of symmetry can have an enantiomer. We stopped from time to time for students to do exercises and I tried to write all the answers on the board so that they could check their work.
I.D. I went through the definition of R and S and the trick of inverting R and S when the lowest priority group is in front rather than behind. I then went over the CIP rules in my own way with many examples. The hand-out is missing an important CIP rule, namely that the next most important branch must sometimes be followed when the most important branches are identical. This is actually needed actually for one of the exercises when assigning R and S to the different carbons in Ficher representations.
I.E. We went through D/L nomenclature and Fischer representations.
I.F. We then studied the compounds with 2 asymmetric carbons where the ideas of diastereomer and meso were introduced.
II. pi bonding
II.A. I reviewed the valence-bond picture of pi bonding and reminded the students of why rotation around a pi bond is energetically prohibitive.
II.B. We discussed cis/trans and Z/E nomenclature.
II.C. Boat and chair conformations of cyclohexane were discussed. This was done hurriedly at the end.
I am not sure that points II.B and II.C were properly absorbed by the students, simply because the explanation was hurried and the students were very tired.
2021-2022 TP PCM-INT
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 14 |
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CHI231p03 2020-2021 PCM-INT b
TP: Lab 1
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 7 Apr. 2022, 8h30-12h30, UFR de chimie, bêt. B, 1er étage labo 129-130
COVERED:
Subgroup b
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| WEEK: 15 |
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CHI231p03 2020-2021 PCM-INT b
TP: Lab 2
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Thu. 12 Apr. 2022, 8h30-12h30, UFR de chimie, bêt. B, 1er étage labo 127
COVERED:
Subgroup b
2020-2021
2020-2021 TP BIO/SV-INT
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| WEEK: 11 |
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CHI231p01 2020-2021 BIO/SV-INT
TP: TP 1a/DLST salle C020
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.03.16 8h00-11h30
COVERED:
TP1 subgroup a
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| WEEK: 12 |
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CHI231p01 2020-2021 BIO/SV-INT
TP: TP 2b/UFR de chimie, bât B 2ème étage
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.03.23 8h00-11h30
COVERED:
TP 2 subgroup b
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| WEEK: 15 |
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CHI231p01 2020-2021 BIO/SV-INT
TP: TP 1b/UFR de chimie, bât B 2ème étage
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.04.13 8h00-11h30
COVERED:
TP 1 subgroup b
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CHI231p01 2020-2021 BIO/SV-INT
TP: TP 2a/DLST salle C020
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.04.27 8h00-11h30
COVERED:
TP 2 subgroup b
2020-2021 TP CHB/CeB-INT
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| WEEK: 11 |
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CHI231p02 2020-2021 CHB/CeB-INT
TP: TP 1a/DLST salle C020
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.03.16 13h15-16h45
COVERED:
TP 1 subgroup a
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| WEEK: 12 |
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CHI231p02 2020-2021 CHB/SV-INT
TP: TP 2b/UFR de chimie, bât B 2ème étage labo 231
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.03.23 13h15-16h45
COVERED:
TP 2 subgroup b
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| WEEK: 15 |
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CHI231p02 2020-2021 CHB/SV-INT
TP: TP 2a/UFR de chimie, bât B 2ème étage labo 231
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.04.13 13h15-16h45
COVERED:
TP 2 subgroup a
+-----------------------------------------+
| WEEK: 17 |
+-----------------------------------------+
CHI231p02 2020-2021 CHB/SV-INT
TP: TP 1b/DLST salle C020
DAY, DATE, TIME, ROOM: Tue. 2021.04.27 13h15-16h45
COVERED:
TP 1 subgroup b
IS CHI 231 REALLY GENERAL CHEMISTRY?
CHI 201 and CHI 231 are the same course, except that CHI 231 is taught in English for International students and CHI 201 is taught in French. Officially CHI 231 is called "General Chemistry." This is a little misleading, at least for a North American, because the philosophy there is that the first year of chemistry should be general in the sense of covering all of chemistry. The job of subsequent chemistry courses is then to go into more detail about subjects already treated in General Chemistry. I have heard that a similar teaching philosophy was once common in France but this is no longer the case.
The result is that many topics that North Americans first see in their General Chemistry course are first seen in France in various different places, including CHI 131 (crystals + atomic structure and chemical bonding), CHI 231 (molecular structure and reactivity), and CHI 335 (chemical kinetics and thermodynamics) ... and possibly also over some other courses I do not know about.
This means that any book that you find in the library that are in English and are called General Chemistry will likely include topics in CHI 231 but you will really have to sift through the different chapters to find what the material that best fits CHI 231.
I thought it might be interesting to take a "typical" General Chemistry book and analyze where each part is studied in the French system (or at least at the Université Grenoble Alpes). I have chosen
Peter Atkins and Loretta Jones, Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (W. H. Freeman and Company: New York, 1999)
No book is perfect, but I have really grown to like this one. It is also possible to find a French translation but I would recommend the original English if your goal is to study chemistry in English.
Chapter 0: Fundamentals
Introduction and Orientation
Chemistry and Society
Chemistry: A Science at Two Levels
How Science is Done
The Different Branches of Chemistry
Mastering Chemistry
A. Matter and Energy
A.1. Physical Properties (CHI 131)
A.2. Energy (CHI 131)
A.3. Force (CHI 131)
B. Elements and Atoms
B.1. Atoms (CHI 131)
B.2. The Nuclear Atom (CHI 131)
B.3. Neutrons (CHI 131)
B.4. Isotopes (CHI 131)
B.5. The Organization of the Elements
C. Compounds
C.1. What are Compounds
C.2. Molecules and Molecular Compounds
C.3. Ions and Ionic Compounds
D. The Nomenclature of Compounds
D.1. Names of Cations (CHI 231)
D.2. Names of Anions (CHI 231)
D.3. Names of Ionic Compounds (CHI 231)
D.4. Names of Inorganic Molecular Compounds
D.5. Names of Organic Compounds (CHI 231)
E. Moles and Molar Masses
E.1. The Mole (CHI 131)
E.2. Molar Mass (CHI 131)
F. Determination of Chemial Formulas
F.1. Mass Percentage Composition (CHI 131)
F.2. Determining Empirical Formulas (CHI 131)
F.3. Determining Molecular Formulas (CHI 131)
G. Mixtures and Solutions
G.1. Classifying Mixtures
G.2. Separation Techniques
G.3. Molarity
G.4. Dilution (CHI 131)
G.5. Mole Fraction (CHI 335)
G.6. Molality
H. Chemical Equaitons
H.1. Symbolizing Chemical Reactions (Lycée)
H.2. Balancing Chemical Reactions (Lycée)
I. Aqueous Solutions and Preciptation
I.1. Electrolytes
I.2. Precipitation Reactions
I.3. Ionic and Net Ionic Equaitons
I.4. Putting Precipitation to Work
J. Acids and Bases
J.1. Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (CHI 231)
J.2. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases (CHI 231)
J.3. Neutralization (CHI 231)
J.4. Acidic and Basic Character in the Periodic Table
K. Redox Reactions
K.1. Oxidation and Reduction (CHI 231)
K.2. Oxidation Numbers: Keeping Track of Electrons (CHI 231)
K.3. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents (CHI 231)
K.4. Balancing Simple Redox Equations (CHI 231)
L. Reaction Stoichiometry
L.1. Mole-to-Mole Predictions
L.2. Mass-to-Mass Predictions
L.3. Volumetric Analysis
M. Limiting Reactants
M.1. Reaction Yield
M.2. The Limits of Reaction
M.3. Combustion Analysis
Chapter 1. Atoms: The Quantum World
Observing Atoms
1.1. The Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation (CHI 131)
1.2. Quanta and Photons (CHI 131)
1.3. Wave-Particle Duality of Matter (CHI 131)
1.4. The Uncertainty Principle (CHI 131)
1.5. Wavefunctions and Energy Levels (CHI 131)
1.6. Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels (CHI 131)
Models of Atoms
1.7. The Principal Quantum Number (CHI 131)
1.8. Atomic Orbitals (CHI 131)
1.9. Electron Spin (CHI 131)
1.10. The Electronic Structure of Hydrogen (CHI 131)
1.11. Orbital Energies (CHI 131)
1.12. The Building-Up Principle (CHI 131)
1.13. Ground-State Electron Configurations (CHI 131)
1.14. Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table (CHI 131)
The Periodicity of Atomic Properties
1.15. Atomic Radius (CHI 131)
1.16. Ionic Radius (CHI 131)
1.17. Ionization Energy (CHI 131)
1.18. The Inert-Pair Effect (CHI 131)
1.19. Diagonal Relationships (CHI 131)
1.20. Electron Affinity (CHI 131)
The Impact on Materials
1.21. Main-Group Elements
1.22. The Transition Metals
Chapter 2. Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
2.1. The Formation of Ionic Bonds (CHI 131)
2.2. Interactions Between Ions (CHI 131)
2.3. The Electron Configurations of Ions (CHI 131)
2.4. Lewis Symbols (CHI 131)
Covalent Bonds
2.5. The Nature of the Covalent Bond (CHI 131)
2.6. Lewis Structures (CHI 131)
2.7. Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Species (CHI 131)
2.8. Resonance (CHI 131)
2.9. Formal Charge (CHI 131)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
2.10. Radicals and Biradicals (CHI 131)
2.11. Expanded Valence Shells (CHI 131)
Lewis Acids and Bases
2.12. The Unusual Strucutres of Group 13 Halides
2.13. Lewis Acid-Base Complexes
Ionic versus Covalent Bonds
2.14. Correcting the Covalent Model: Electronegativity
2.15. Correcting the Ionic Model: Polarizability
The Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds
2.16. Bond Strengths (CHI 131)
2.17. The Variation of Bond Strength (CHI 131)
2.18. Bond Lengths (CHI 131)
Chapter 3. Molecular Shape and Structure
The Shapes of Molecules and Ions
3.1. The VSEPR Model (CHI 131)
3.2. Molecules with Lone Pairs on the Central Atom (CHI 131)
3.3. Polar Molecules
Valence-Bond Theory
3.4. Sigma and Pi Bonds (CHI 131)
3.5. Hybridization of Orbitals (CHI 131)
3.6. Hybridization in More Complex Molecules (CHI 131)
3.7. Bonding in Hydrocarbons (CHI 131)
3.8. Characteristics of Double Bonds (CHI 131)
Molecular Orbital Theory
3.9. Molecular Orbitals (CHI 131)
3.10. The Electronic Configurations of Diatomic Molecules (CHI 131)
3.11. Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules (CHI 131)
3.12. Orbitals in Polyatomic Molecules
3.13. The Impact on Materials: The Band Theoyr of Solids
Chapter 4. The Properties of Gases
The Nature of Gases
4.1. Observing Gases
4.2. Pressure
4.3. Alternative Units of Pressure
The Gas Laws
4.4. Boyle's Law
4.5. Charles's Law
4.6. Avogadro's Principle
4.7. The Ideal Gas Law
4.8. Applications of the Ideal Gas Law
4.9. The Stoiciometry of Reacting Gases
4.10. Mixtures of Gases
4.11. Diffusion and Effusion
The Kinetic Model of Gases
4.12. The Pressure of a Gas
4.13. The Maxwell Distribution of Speeds
Real Gases
4.14. Intermolecular Forces
4.15. The Liquification of Gases
4.16. Equations of State of Real Gases
Chapter 5. Liquids and Solids
Intermolecular Forces
5.1. The Formation of Condenses Phases (CHI 131 and/or CHI 231)
5.2. Ion-Dipole Forces (CHI 131 and/or CHI 231)
5.3. Dipole-Dipole Forces (CHI 131 and/or CHI 231)
5.4. London Forces (CHI 131 and/or CHI 231)
5.5. Hydrogen Bonding (CHI 131 and/or CHI 231)
Liquid Structures
5.6. Order in Liquids
5.7. Viscosity and Surface Tension
Solid Structures
5.8. Classificatin of Solids (CHI 131)
5.9. Metallic Solids (CHI 131)
5.10. Unit Cells (CHI 131)
The Impact on Materials: Metals
5.11. The Properties of Metals (CHI 131)
5.12. Alloys (CHI 131)
The Impact on Materials: Nonmetallic Solids
5.13. Ionic Structures (CHI 131)
5.14. Molecular Solids (CHI 131)
5.15. Network Solids (CHI 131)
5.16. Liquid Crystals
Chapter 6. Thermodynamics: The First Law
Systems, States, and Energies
6.1. Systems (CHI 335)
6.2. Energy and Work (CHI 335)
6.3. The Molecular Origin of Internal Energy (CHI 335)
6.4. Heat (CHI 335)
6.5. The First Law (CHI 335)
6.6. State Functions (CHI 335)
6.7. Expansion Work (CHI 335)
6.8. The Measurement of Heat: Calorimetry (CHI 335)
Entropy
6.9. Heat Transfers at Constant Pressure (CHI 335)
6.10. Heat Capacities of Gases (CHI 335)
6.11. The Molecular Origin of of the Heat Capacities of Gases (CHI 335)
6.12. Enthalpies of Phase Changes (CHI 335)
6.13. Heating Curves (CHI 335)
The Enthalpy of Chemical Change
6.14. Reaction Enthalpies (CHI 335)
6.15. The Relation Between Delta H and Delta U (CHI 335)
6.16. Standard Reaction Enthalpies (CHI 335)
6.17. Combining Reaction Enthalpies: Hess's Law (CHI 335)
6.18. The Heat Output of Reactions (CHI 335)
6.19. Standard Enthalpies of Formation (CHI 335)
6.20. The Born-Haber Cycle (CHI 335)
6.21. Bond Enthalpies (CHI 335)
6.22. The Variation of Reaction Enthalpy with Temperature (CHI 335)
Chapter 7. Thermodynamics: The Second and Third Laws
Entropy
7.1. Spontaneous Change (CHI 335)
7.2. Entropy and Disorder (CHI 335)
7.3. Changes in Entropy (CHI 335)
7.4. Entropy Changes Accompanying Changes of Physical State (CHI 335)
7.5. A Molecular Interpretation of Entropy (CHI 335)
7.6. Standard Molar Entropies (CHI 335)
7.7. Standard Reaction Entropies (CHI 335)
Global Changes in Entropy
7.8. The Surroundings (CHI 335)
7.9. The Overall Change in Entropy (CHI 335)
7.10. Equilibrium (CHI 335)
Free Energy
7.11. Focusing on the System (CHI 335)
7.12. Reaction Free Energy (CHI 335)
7.13. Free Energy and Nonexpansion Work (CHI 335)
7.14. The Effect of Temperature (CHI 335)
7.15. Free Energy Changes in Biological Systems (CHI 335)
Chapter 8. Physical Equilibria
Phases and Phase Transitions
8.1. Vapor Pressure
8.2. Volatility and Molecular Properties
8.3. The Variation of Vapoir Pressure with Temperature
8.4. Boiling
8.5. Freezing and Melting
8.6. Phase Diagrams (CHI 201)
8.7. The Phase Rule (CHI 201)
8.8. Critical Properties
Solublity
8.9. The Molecular Nature of Dissolving
8.10. The Like-Dissolves-Like Rule (CHI 131 or CHI 231)
8.11. Pressure and Gas Solubility: Henry's Law
8.12. Temperature and Solubility
8.13. The Enthalpy of Solution
8.14. Individual Ion Hydration Enthalpies
8.15. The Free Energy of Solution
Colligative Properties
8.16. Vapor-Pressure Lowering
8.17. Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point
8.18. Osmosis (CHI 231)
Binary Liquid Mixtures
8.19. The Vapor Pressure of a Binary Mixture
8.20. Distillation
8.21. Azeotropes
Chapter 9. Chemical Equilibria
Reactions at Equilibrium (CHI 231)
9.1. The Reversibility of Reactions (CHI 231)
9.2. Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (CHI 231)
9.3. Equilibrium Constants (CHI 231)
9.4. Heterogeneous Equilibria (CHI 231)
Using Equilibrium Constants
9.5. The Extent of Reaction (CHI 231)
9.6. The Direction of Reaction (CHI 231)
9.7. Equilibrium Tables (CHI 231)
The Response of Equilibria to Changes in Conditions
9.8. Adding and Removing Reagents (CHI 231)
9.9. Compressing a Reaction Mixture (CHI 231)
9.10. Temperature and Equilibrium (CHI 231)
9.11. Catalysts and Haber's Achievements (CHI 231)
Chapter 10. Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids and Bases
10.1. Proton Transfer Equilibrum (CHI 231)
10.2. Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules (CHI 231)
10.3. The pH Scale (CHI 231)
10.4. The pOH Solutions (CHI 231)
Weak Acids and Bases
10.5. Acidity and Basicity Constants (CHI 231)
10.6. The Conjugate Seesaw (CHI 231)
10.7. The Role of the Solvent in Acid Strength (CHI 231)
10.8. Molecular Structure and Acid Strength (CHI 231)
10.9. The Strength of Oxoacids (CHI 231)
The pH of Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases
10.10. Solutions of Weak Acids (CHI 231)
10.11. Solutions of Weak Bases (CHI 231)
10.12. The pH of Salt Solutions
Autoprotolysis and pH
10.13. Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
10.14. Very Dilute Solutions of Weak Acids
Polyprotic Acids and Bases
10.15. The pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution
10.16. Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
10.17. The Concentrations of Solute Species
10.18. Composition and pH (CHI 231)
Chapter 11. Aqueous Equilibria
Mixed Solutions and Buffers
11.1. Mixed Solutions (CHI 335)
11.2. Buffer Action (CHI 335)
11.3. Designing a Buffer (CHI 335)
11.4. Buffer Capacity (CHI 335)
Titrations
11.5. Strong Acid-Base Titrations (CHI 335)
11.6. Strong Acid-Weak Base and Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations (CHI 335)
11.7. Acid-Base Indicators (CHI 335)
Polyprotic Acid Titrations
11.8. Stoichiometry of Polyprotic Acid Titrations (CHI 335)
11.9. pH Changes during Titration (CHI 335)
Solubility Equilibria
11.10. The Solubility Product
11.11. The Common-Ion Effect
11.12. Predicting Precipitation
11.13. Selective Precipitation
11.14. Dissolving Precipitates
11.15. Complex Ion Formation
11.16. Qualitative Analysis
Chapter 12. Electrochemistry
Redox Equations
12.1. Half-Reactions (CHI 231)
12.2. Balancing Redox Equations (CHI 231)
Galvanic Cells
12.3. Examples of Galvonic Cells
12.4. The Notation for Cells
12.5. Cell Potential
12.6. Cell Potential and Reaction Free Energy
12.7. Standard Electrode Potentials
12.8. The Significance of Standard Potentials
12.9. The Electrochemical Series
12.10. Standard Potentials and Equilibirum Constants
12.11. The Nernst Equation
12.12. Ion-Selective Electrodes
12.13. Corrosion
Electrolysis
12.14. Electrolytic Cells
12.15. The Potential Needed for Electrolysis
12.16. The Products of Electrolysis
12.17. Electrolysis in Action
Chapter 13. Chemical Kinetics
Reaction Rates
13.1. Concentration and Reaction Rate (CHI 335)
13.2. The Instantaneous Rate of Reaction (CHI 335)
13.3. Rate Laws and Reaction Order (CHI 335)
Concentration and Time
13.4. First-Order Integrated Reaction Laws (CHI 335)
13.5. Half-Lives for First-Order Reactions (CHI 335)
13.6. Second-Order Integrated Rate Laws (CHI 335)
Models of Reactions
13.7. The Effect of Temperature (CHI 335)
13.8. Collision Theory (CHI 335)
13.9. Activated Complex Theory (CHI 335)
Reaction Mechanisms
13.10. Elementary Reactions
13.11. The Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions
13.12. Chain Reactions
13.13. Rates and Equilibirum
Accelerating Reactions
13.14. Catalysis
13.15. Living Catalysts: Enzymes
Chapter 14. The Elements: The First Four Main Groups
Periodic Trends
14.1. Atomic Properties (CHI 131)
14.2. Bonding Trends (CHI 131)
14.3. Chemical Properties: Hydrides (CHI 131)
14.4. Chemical Properties: Oxides (CHI 131)
Hydrogen
14.5. The Element
14.6. Compounds of Hydrogen
Group 1: The Alkali Metals (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
14.7. The Group 1 Elements
14.8. Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals
14.9. Compounds of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
14.10. The Group 2 Elements
14.11. Compounds of Beryllium and Magnesium
14.12. Compounds of Calcium
Group 13: The Boron Family
14.13. The Group 13 Elements
14.14. Boranes, Borohydrides, and Borides
14.15. Carbides, Nitides, and Halides
14.16. Boranes, Borohydrides, and Borides
Group 14: The Carbon Family
14.17. The Group 14 Elements
14.18. The Different Forms of Carbon
14.19. Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead
14.20. Oxides of Carbon (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
14.21. Oxides of Silicon: The Silicates (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
14.22. Other Important Group 14 Compounds
The Impact on Materials
14.23. Glasses
14.24. Ceramics
Chapter 15. The Elements: The Last Four Main Groups
Group 15: The Nitrogen Family (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
15.1. The Group 15 Elements
15.2. Compounds with Hydrogen and the Halogens
15.3. Nitrogen Oxides and Oxoacids
15.4. Phosphorus Oxides and Oxoacids
Group 16: The Oxygen Family (used to be done in the old CHI 120)
15.5. The Group 16 Elements
15.6. Compounds with Hydrogen
15.7. Sulfur Oxides and Oxoacids
15.8. Sulfur Halides
Group 17: The Halogens
15.9. The Group 17 Elements
15.10. Compounds of the Halogens
Groupe 18: The Noble Gases
15.11. The Group 18 Elements
15.12. Compounds of the Noble Gases
The Impact of Materials
15.13. Colloids, Clays, and Gels
15.14. Phosphors and Other Luminescent Materials
Chapter 16. The d-Block Metals in Transition
The d-Block Elements and Their Compounds
16.1. Trends in Physical Properties
16.2. Trends in Chemical Properties
Selected Elements: A Survey
16.3. Scandium Through Nickel
16.4. Groups 11 and 12
Coordination Compounds
16.5. The Nature of Complexes (CHI 231)
16.6. The Shapes of Complexes (CHI 231)
16.7. Isomers (CHI 231)
The Electronic Structure of Complexes
16.8. Crystal Field Theory (CHI 231)
16.9. The Spectrochemical Series (CHI 231)
16.10. High-Spin and Low-Spin Complexes (CHI 231)
16.11. The Colors of Complexes (CHI 231)
16.12. Magnetic Properties of Complexes (CHI 231)
Ligand Field Theory
16.13. Sigma-Bonding in Complexes
16.14. Pi-Bonding in Complexes
The Impact on Materials
15.15. Steel
15.16. Nonferrous Alloys
15.17. Magnetic Materials
Chapter 17. Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Stability
17.1. The Evidence for Spontaneous Nuclear Decay
17.2. Nuclear Reactions
17.3. The Pattern of Nuclear Stability
17.4. Predicting the Type of Nuclear Decay
17.5. Nucleosynthesis
Nuclear Radiation
17.6. The Biological Effects of Radiation
17.7. Measuring the Rate of Radioactive Decay
17.8. Uses of Radioisotopes
Nuclear Energy
17.9. Mass-Energy Conversion
17.10. Nuclear Fission
17.11. Nuclear Fusion
17.12. The Chemistry of Nuclear Power
Chapter 18. Organic Chemistry I: The Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
18.1. Types of Hydrocarbons (CHI 231)
18.2. Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons (CHI 231)
18.3. Isomers (CHI 231)
18.4. Properties of Alkanes (CHI 231)
18.5. Mechanism: Alkane Substitution (CHI 231)
18.6. Properties of Alkenes (CHI 231)
18.7. Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes (CHI 231)
Aromatic Compounds
18.8. Reactions of Arenes
18.9. Mechanisms: Electrophilic Substitution
Chapter 19. Organic Chemistry II: Functional Groups
Functional groups
19.1. Haloalkanes (CHI 231)
19.2. Mechnaisms: Nucleophilic Substitutions (CHI 231)
19.3. Alcohols (CHI 231)
19.4. Ethers (CHI 231)
19.5. Phenols (CHI 231)
19.6. Aldehydes (CHI 231)
19.7. Carboxylic Acids (CHI 231)
19.8. Amines, Amino Acides, and Amides (CHI 231)
The Impact on Materials
19.9. Addition Polymerization
19.10. Condensation Polymerization
19.11. Copolymers and Composites
19.12. Physical Properties of Polymers
The Impact on Biology
19.13. Proteins
19.14. Carbohydrates
19.15. DNA and RNA
Appendices
Appendix 1. Symbols, Uits, and Mathemtaical Techniques
A. Symbols
B. Units and Unit Conversions
C. Scientific Notation
D. Exponents and Logarithms
E. Equations and Graphs
F. Calculus
Appendix 2. Experimental Data
A. Thermodynamic Data at 25 oC
Inorganic Substances
Organic Compounds
B. Standard Potentials at 25 oC
Potentials in Electrochemical Order
Potentials in Alphabetical Order
C. Ground-State Electron Configurations
D. The Elements
E. The Top 25 Chemicals by Industrial Production in the United States in 1997
Appendix 3. Nomenclature
A. The Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions
B. Common Names of Chemicals
C. Names of Cations with Variable Charge Numbers