Publications

Journal Paper

∗ are associated research group members.

In Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51. A. Jiang∗, O. Ojo∗, K. Shoele. Turbulence-induced reconfiguration of fractal branched trees in a forest. to be submitted, 2023.

50. A. MoradiKazerouni∗, K. Shoele. Studying natural flow circulation of cryogenic tanks using multinodal-cfd technique. to be submitted, 2023.

49. A. Anand∗, K. Shoele. Using a reduced-order fluid model to quantify the eﬀectiveness of face- masks in a large population. to be submitted, 2023.

48. TS. Wang∗, K. Shoele. Koopman-based model predictive control with morphing surface: Regu- lating the flutter response of a foil with an active flap. Physical Review Fluids, revised, 2023.

47. L. Yang∗, M. Sussman, K. Shoele. Drop transmission after the impact on woven fabrics. Inter- national Journal of Multiphase Flows, revised, 2023.

46. A. Tripathi∗, J. Gustavsson, K. Shoele, R. Kumar. Eﬀect of shock impingement on the fluid- structure interactions of a compliant panel. Shock Waves revised, 2023.

45. A. Shahriar∗, K. Shoele. Combined eﬀects of wall flexibility and temperature in shock wave and boundary layer interactions. Journal of Fluids and Structures. revised, 2023.

2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44. B. Van Stratum∗, K. Shoele, J. Clark. Pacific Lamprey-inspired climbing. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 18(4), p.046013, 2023.

43. K. Shoele, Hybrid wave/current energy harvesting with a flexible piezoelectric plate. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 968, p.A31, 2023.

42. F. Nazari, K. Shoele, H. Mohammadigoushki. Helical locomotion in yield stress fluids. Physics Review Letters. 130(11), p.114002., 2023. (Featured Article; Editor’s Pick)

41. A. Shahriar∗, R. Kumar, K. Shoele. Vortex dynamics of axisymmetric cones at high angle of attacks. Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics. pp.1-20, 2023.

40. Ye Z, Estebe C, Liu Y∗, Vahab M∗, Huang Z, Sussman M, Moradikazerouni A∗, Shoele K, Lian Y, Ohta M, Hussaini MY. An improved coupled level set and continuous Moment-of-Fluid method for simulating multiphase flows with phase change. Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2023 Aug 11:1-36.

39. B. Van Stratum∗, J. Clark, K. Shoele. The eﬀect of internal damping on locomotion in frictional environments. Physical Review E. 107(5), p.054406., 2023.

38. H. Mohammadigoushki, K. Shoele. Cavitation rheology of model yield stress fluids based on carbopol. Langmuir, 39, 22, 76727683, 2023.

37. TS. Wang∗, K. Shoele. Kernel mode decomposition for time-frequency localization of transient flow: The formation of a laminar separation bubble. Physics Review Fluids. 8.6, p. 064401, 2023.

36. C. Ni, T. Solano∗, K. Shoele, JH. Seo and R. Mittal. Face Masks provide high outward protection despite peripheral leakage: Insights from a reduced-order model of face mask aerodynamics. Physics of Fluids 35, no. 6, 2023.

2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35. O. Ojo∗, E. Kohtanen, A. Jiang, J. Brody, A. Erturk, K. Shoele. Flapping dynamics of an inverted flag behind a cylinder. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2022 Sep 30.

34. P. Eastham∗, H. Mohammadigoushki, K. Shoele, Squirmer locomotion in a yield stress fluid.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 948, A54., 2022.

33. T. Solano∗, JC. Ordonez, K. Shoele. Natural convection in vertical enclosures with conjugate boundary conditions. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 946, A17, 2022.

32. T. Solano∗, K. Shoele. Investigation of the Role of Face Shape on the Flow Dynamics and Eﬀectiveness of Face Masks. Fluids 7,6:209. 2022.

31. T. Solano∗, C. Ni, R. Mittal, K. Shoele. Perimeter leakage of face-masks and its eﬀect on the mask’s eﬃcacy. Physics of Fluids, 34.5: 051902 2022. (Featured Article)

30. Y. Liu∗, M. Sussman, Y. Lian, MY. Hussaini, M. Vahab, K. Shoele. A Novel Supermesh Method for Computing Solutions to the Multi-material Stefan Problem with Complex Deforming Interfaces and Microstructure. Journal of Scientific Computing, 91, 1-40, 2022.

29. O. Ojo∗, K. Shoele. Branching pattern of flexible trees for environmental load mitigation. Bioin- spiration & Biomimetics, 17 056003, 2022.

28. TK. Wang∗, K. Shoele. Mode competition in a plunging foil with an active flap: A multi-scale modal analysis approach. Physical Review Fluids. 7, 044701, 2022.

27. S. Wu, T. Solano∗, K. Shoele, H. Mohammadigoushki. Formation of a strong negative wake behind a helical swimmer in a viscoelastic fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 942, 2022.

26. O. Ojo∗, Y. Wang, A. Erturk, K. Shoele. Aspect ratio-dependent hysteresis response of a heavy inverted flag. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 942, 2022.

25. M. Vahab∗, D. Murphy, K. Shoele. Fluid dynamics of frozen precipitation at the airwater inter- face. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 933, 2022.

2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24. TK. Wang∗, T. Solano∗, K. Shoele. Bridge the gap: correlate face mask leakage and facial features with 3D morphable face models. Journal of exposure science & environmental epi- demiology, 2021.

23. M. Vahab∗, M. Sussman, K. Shoele. Fluid-structure interaction of thin flexible bodies in multi- material multi-phase systems. Journal of Computational Physics, 429, 110008, 2021.

22. TK. Wang∗, K. Shoele. Geometrically weighted modal decomposition techniques. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 911, 2021.

21. T. Solano∗, R. Mittal, K. Shoele. One size fits all?: A simulation framework for face-mask fit on population-based faces. Plos one, 16(6), e0252143, 2021.

2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20. P.Eastham∗, K. Shoele. Axisymmetric squirmers in stokes fluid with non-uniform viscosity.

Physics Review Fluids, 5(6), 63102, 2020.

19. K. Kopperstad∗, K. Shoele, R. Kumar. Experimental and numerical investigations of the floating wind turbine aerodynamics. Wing Energy, 23(11), 2087-2112, 2020.

18. T. Solano∗, K. Shoele. Flapping dynamics of a heated flag. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 895,8 2020.

17. A. Rips, K. Shoele, R. Mittal. Heat transfer enhancement in laminar flow heat exchangers due to flapping flags. Physics of Fluids,32, 063603 2020.

2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16. K. Shoele, P. Eastham∗. Eﬀects of nonuniform viscosity on ciliary locomotion. Physics Review Fluids 3.4, 043101, 2018.

2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15. S. Orrego, K. Shoele, A. Ruas, K. Doran, B. Caggiano, R. Mittal, and SH Kang. Harvesting ambient wind energy with an inverted piezoelectric flag. Applied Energy 194: 212-222 , 2017.

2016 and prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14. K. Shoele, R. Mittal. Energy harvesting by flow-induced flutter in a simple model of an inverted piezoelectric flag. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 790, 582- 606, 2016.

13. K. Shoele, R. Mittal. Flutter instability of a thin flexible plate in a channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 786, 29–46 , 2016.

12. K. Shoele, Q. Zhu. Hydrodynamics of drafting mechanism in dolphin calves beneath free surface.

Journal of Theoretical Biology, 382,363–377 , 2015.

Featured as Highlighted Article on the webpage of Journal of Theoretical Biology .

11. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Performance of synchronized fins in biomimetic propulsion. Bioinspiration

& Biomimetics, 10.2: 026008 , 2015.

10. K. Shoele, R. Mittal.Computational study of flow-induced vibration of a reed in a channel and eﬀect on convective heat transfer. Physics of Fluids, 26: 127103 , 2014.

9. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Performance of a wing with nonuniform flexibility in hovering flight.

Physics of Fluids, 25, 041901, 2013.

8. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Leading edge strengthening and the propulsion performance of flexible ray fins. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 693: 402-432, 2012.

7. K. Shoele , I. Prowell, Q. Zhu and A. Elgamal. Dynamic and structural modeling of a floating wind turbine. International Journal of Oﬀshore and Polar Engineering , 21(2), 155-160, 2011.

6. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Numerical simulation of Labriform swimming by a pectoral fin. Journal of Experimental Biology , 213: 2038-2047, 2010.

5. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Flow-induced vibrations of a deformable ring. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 650: 343-362, 2010.

4. K. Shoele and Q. Zhu. Fluid-structure interactions of skeleton-reinforced fins: performance analysis of a paired fin in lift-based propulsion. Journal of Experimental Biology , 212(16): 2679- 2690, 2009.

3. Q. Zhu and K. Shoele. Propulsion performance of a skeleton-strengthened fin. Journal of Experimental Biology , 211(13), 2087-2100, 2008. Inside JEB featured article.

2. K. Shoele, A.Vafai and A.Kaveh. Localized identification of shear building with embedded foun- dation in frequency domain. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 17(2), 245-256, 2008.

1. K. Shoele, A. Vafai and A. Kaveh. Online detection of a breathing crack using an adaptive tracking technique. Acta Mechanica, 188(3), 19-154, 2007.

Book Chapters

1. Q. Zhu and K. Shoele. Numerical modeling of the performance of ray fins in fish locomo- tion. Natural Locomotion in Fluids and on Surfaces, The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, 155(2), 151-157, 2012.

Patents

1. K.Shoele and M. Vahab*. Active vortex generator to improve heat transfer in heat exchangers.

U.S. Patent Application, 16/782,117, filed August 20, 2020.

Conference Papers (∗ are the current research group members. )

2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43. A. Jiang∗O. Ojo∗ and K. Shoele. Turbulence Interaction with Reconfigurable Fractal Tree Canopies. Discovor-Vortex Dominated Flow meeting, 2023.

42. A. Anand∗, T. Solano∗, and K. Shoele. Eﬀectiveness of Facemasks for Large Virtual Cohort of Population. Discovor-Vortex Dominated Flow meeting, 2023.

41. A. Tripathi∗, M. Sheehan, J. Gustavsson, K.Shoele and R. Kumar. Eﬀect of Panel Compliance on Shockwave Boundary Layer Interaction at Mach 2. AIAA Aviation 2023 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023.

40. A. Moradikazerouni∗, T. Solano∗, M. Sussman, K.Shoele. Simulation of Natural Convection in Two-Phase Cryogenic Tanks Using Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics. AIAA Scitech 2023 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023.

2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39. W. Tso-Kang∗, K. Shoele, Geometrically Weighted Modal Decomposition of Morphing Bodies. Discovor-Vortex Dominated Flow meeting, 2022.

38. A. Shahriar∗, K. Shoele Vortex interactions in the wake of the axisymmetric elongated body. Discovor-Vortex Dominated Flow meeting, 2022.

37. O. Ojo∗, K. Shoele Bistable Response of Inverted Flags with Moderate Aspect Ratios. Discovor- Vortex Dominated Flow meeting, 2022.

36. B. Van Stratum∗, MP. Austin, K. Shoele and J. Clark. Comparative Model Evaluation with a Symmetric Three-Link Swimming Robot. 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2672-2678, 2022.

35. A. Anand∗, TK. Wang∗, T. Solano∗, K. Shoele. A Mathematical Framework to Calculate Face- masks Eﬀective Filtration Eﬃciency in Large Population. 19th U.S. National Congress on Theo- retical and Applied Mechanics, Meeting Abstracts, 2022.

34. J. Gallentine, EJ. Barth, K. Galloway, Kevin, B. Van Stratum∗, J. Clark, and K. Shoele. A Multimodal Climbing-Swimming Soft Robotic Lamprey. Proceedings of the 2022 Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control, FPMC, 2022.

33. A. Anand∗, TK. Wang∗, T. Solano∗, K. Shoele. A Mathematical Framework to Calculate Face- masks Eﬀective Filtration Eﬃciency in Large Population. 19th U.S. National Congress on Theo- retical and Applied Mechanics, Meeting Abstracts, 2022.

32. S. Provat∗, M. Sussman, K. Shoele. Adjoint-based control of electroconvection for diﬀerent patterned surfaces. 19th U.S. National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Meeting Abstracts, 2022.

31. V. Tavanashad∗, K. Shoele. Physical Insight into Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interac- tion of Compressible Flows. 19th U.S. National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Meeting Abstracts, 2022.

30. AJ. Jiang∗, O. Ojo∗, K. Eetu, E. Alper, K. Shoele. Flow-induced Vibrations of Closely Packed Flapping Flags. 19th U.S. National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Meeting Abstracts, 2022.

29. A. Tripathi∗, J. Gustavsson, K. Shoele, R. Kumar. Eﬀect of Shock Impingement location on the Fluid-Structure Interaction over a Compliant Panel. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2022.

2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28. V. Tavanashad∗, K. Shoele. Analysis of Shock-wave Boundary Layer Interaction in Compress- ible Flows over Rigid and Flexible Surfaces. AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021.

27. T.K. Wang∗, A. Tripathi∗, A. Shahriar∗, V. Tavanashad∗, R. Kumar, K. Shoele. Flow-Informed Vibration-Based Health Monitoring Technique. AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021.

26. Tripathi, A.∗, Gustavsson, J., Shoele, K., Kumar, R. (presented 2021). Fluid Structure Interaction on a Compliant Panel subject to Shock Boundary Layer Interaction. Paper presented at AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

25. Shoele, K., Wang, Tso-Kang∗. (presented 2021). Geometrically Weighted Modal Decomposition Method for Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems. Paper presented at AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

24. Wang, Tso-Kang∗, Shoele, K. (presented 2021). Identification of Transient Modes During Forma- tion and Detachment of a Laminar Separation Bubble using Kernel Mode Decomposition. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

23. Ojo, O.∗, Shoele, K., Erturk, A., Wang, Yu-Cheng, Kohtanen, E. (presented 2021). Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Energy Harvesting From Piezoelectric Inverted Flags. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

22. Rosenberg, K. T., Medina, A., Wang, Tso-Kang∗, Shoele, K. (presented 2021). Resolvent Anal- ysis of Morphing Bodies. Paper presented at AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

21. Tripathi, A.∗, Gustavsson, J., Shoele, K., Kumar, R. (presented 2021). Response of a Compliant Panel to Shock Boundary Layer Interaction at Mach 2. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

20. Aslani, M.∗, Shoele, K. (presented 2021). TA Computational Technique for Studying Shock- Induced Bubble Cavitation Near Compliant Surfaces. Paper presented at 25th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. (International)

19. Eastham, P. S.∗, Shoele, K. (presented 2021). The eﬀect of local fluid rheology on phoretic modes. Paper presented at 25th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. (International)

18. Shahriar, A.∗, Shoele, K. (presented 2021). Vortex interactions in the wake of the axisymmetric body in uniform cross-stream. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17. Tripathi, A.∗, Mears, L., Shoele, K., Kumar, R. (presented 2020). Oblique Shockwave Boundary Layer Interactions on a Flexible Panel at Mach 2. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

16. Wang, Yu-Cheng, Ojo, O.∗, Shoele, K., Erturk, A. (presented 2020). Underwater flow energy harvesting using a piezoelectric swimmer platform. Paper presented at Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems IX, SPIE. (International)

2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15. Ojo, O.∗, Tan, D., Wang, Yu-Cheng, Shoele, K., Erturk, A. (presented 2019). Aspect ratio eﬀects in wind energy harvesting using piezoelectric inverted flags. Paper presented at Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XIII, International Society for Optics and Photonics. (International)

14. Richardson, R., Wang, Tso-Kang∗, Cattafesta, L. N., Shoele, K. (presented 2019). Dynamics of a Separation Bubble Subject to Compliant Surface Motion. Paper presented at AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (International)

13. O. Ojo∗, D. Tan, YC. Wang, K. Shoele, A. Erturk, Aspect ratio eﬀects in wind energy harvesting using piezoelectric inverted flags. Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation SPIE 2019, Denver, Co, 2019.

2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. T. Solano∗, K. Shoele ,J, Ordonez, Thermal analysis of power electronic building block-based converter array. 3rd Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC), Fort Lauderdale, FL, 2018.

11. K. Kopperstad∗, K. Shoele, R. Kumar. A Combined experimental and numerical study of the floating wind turbines, AIAA Aviation, Altlanta, 2018.

10. M. Vahab∗, K. Shoele. Flow-induced Vibration in the Presence of Multiphase Multimaterial System , AIAA Aviation, Altlanta, 2018.

9. A. Shahriar∗, K. Shoele, R. Kumar. Aero-thermo-elastic simulation of shock-boundary layer interaction over a compliant surface , AIAA Aviation, Altlanta, 2018.

8. TK. Wang∗, K. Shoele. Aeroelastic flutter in the presence of an active flap, AIAA Aviation, Altlanta, 2018.

2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. A. Rips, K. Shoele, A. Glezer, R. Mittal. Eﬃcient electronic cooling via flow-induced vibrations, 33rd Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), 2017.

6. K. Shoele ,Viscoelastic model for describing the response of transcatheter aortic valves. 5th In- ternational Conference on Computational and Mathematical Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, 2017.

2016 and prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. H. Bakhshaee, G. Garreau, G. Tognetti, K. Shoele, R. Carrero, T. Kilmar, Z. Chi, WR. Thompson, JH. Seo, R. Mittal, AG. Andreou, Mechanical design, instrumentation and measurements from a hemoacoustic cardiac phantom. Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), 2015 49th Annual Conference on ,1,5, 2015.

4. K. Shoele , A. Glezer and R. Mittal. Enhancement of convective heat transfer in a micro-channel using flexible self-oscillating reeds. 17th USNCTAM, Michigan, 2014.

3. JH. Seo, K. Shoele and R. Mittal. Computational modeling of the eﬀect of mitral-valve leaflet dynamics on intraventricular flow. WCCM XI, Barcelona, 2014.

2. K. Shoele and M. Previsic. Unified modeling and simulation of marine hydrokinetic devices.

EWTEC2013, Aalborg, Denmark, 2013.

1. M.Previsic and K. Shoele. Cost reduction pathways for wave energy. EWTEC2013, Aalborg, Denmark, 2013.

Technical Reports

3. A. Shahriar, K. Shoele. A framework for studying the turbulent boundary layer interactions with anisotropic compliant surface. Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford, 2022.

2. M. Previsic, R. Jepsen, K. Shoele and et. al. Design, performance, and economic assessment for reference model 1-3. Document prepared for DOE by RE-vision, LLC, Sandia National lab, NREL and AREL, 2012.

1. K. Shoele, J. Epler and M. Previsic. Wave energy reference model; theoretical performance and validation, Document prepared for DOE by RE-vision, LLC, 2013.